AP World History: Unit 9

Sources of feminism

• British women writers: Mary Astell and Mary Wollstonecraft (“Vindication of the Rights of Women”)

• French Revolution: women prominent (ie Olympe de Gouges)

• Abolition movement: women prominent but denied leadership roles → formed their own organizations

First wave

• 1848: 1st Women’s Rights Convention @ Seneca Falls, New York

• “women = men”

• divisions between women and WOC

• ended when women in the west gained right to vote (early 20th century)

Second Wave

• Civil Rights Act of 1964 (US)

• National Organization of Women

• Black women start Black Feminist movement

• 1980s: abortion legal in core countries

Challenges to feminism: Religious conservatives

• Iranian Revolution

• Phyllis Schlafly

Third wave

• 1991: Anita Hill publicly denounced Clarence Thomas 4 sexual harassment

• SPICE GIRLS!!!!!

Fourth wave

• social media an opportunity for protest

• 2007: Tarana Burke founds #MeToo

  • takes steam in 2017

  • condemns sexual exploitation, harassment, assault

Contemporary challenges in feminism

• Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

• globally: women less literate and less politically powerful than men

• exceptions: Thatcher (UK), Indira Gandhi (India), Aang Suu Kyi (Myanmar)

End of the Cold War

• Ronald Reagan pressured SovUn to increase mil. spending + economic problems → SovUn needed reform

• Mikhail Gorbachev: renounced Brezhnev doctrine → democratic reform in USSR

  • Solidarity Movement in Poland (Lech Walesa)

  • 1989: Bulgarian dictatorship overthrown

  • policies of perestroika (restructuring) + glasnost (openness) contribute to USSR decline

• 1991: Cold War ends, USSR collapses

U.S’ changing role

• U.S: sole remaining superpower after Cold War

• Boris Yeltsin: 1st president of Russia

• US alarmed Russian leaders by inviting various East European countries to NATO

• Bush Doctrine: aggressive foreign policy

• 2014: Russian annexation of Ukraine (under Putin)

• FBI launches investigation over Russian interference in 2016 election

Global economy after WW2

• collapse of USSR → potential for former communist world to join global economy via tech. developments

• eco. globalization partially driven by use of energy sources (ie fossil fuels)

  • fossil fuels → pollution; ongoing dev. of clean energy technologies

• free trade: international trade w/o protective tariffs

  • GATT (1947); WTO (1995) accounts for 99% of world trade

• international & multinational companies replaced by global corporations

  • rely on small HQ + outsourcing 4 lowest possible operating costs

Economic growth in Asia

• little tigers: Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia

  • recovery due to export-driven industrialization

• Japan: eco. comeback due to low cost of labor + focus on technology

• 1997: financial crisis due to integration in the new global economy

• BRICs: initiated pro-capitalist reforms after CW

  • China: leading supplier in manufacturing

    • after Mao’s death: rapid economic growth

    • authoritarian control + market economy

    • benefits from cheap labor & large domestic market

Trading blocs

• trading blocs: economic alliances

  • EU: to dismantle barriers and tariffs in Europe

    • Brexit (2020): due to xenophobia & reduced sovereignty

  • OPEC: to control price of oil

    • 1970s: embargo on US → fracking → US: largest oil-prod country

  • ASEAN: in Southeast Asia

  • NAFTA: USA, Mexico, Canada → USMCA (2018)

Globalization

Pro

• global economy: only way to prosperity for developing world

Anti

• diminishes local sovereignty & transfers it to trans-nat. corporations

• environmental destruction

Effects of increased globalization

Culture

• McDonaldization: homogenization of culture; threat to local cultures

• multilateral globalization: interconnectedness of nations

Internet

• 1993: World Wide Web (Tim Berners-Lee)

• 1998: Google; 2004: Facebook

• smartphones & internet have transformed social movements (ie Arab Spring - 2011)

International organizations

• intergovernmental orgs: membership - sovereign states (ie UN, WHO)

• NGOS: independent of any govt; usually focused on humanity (ie Red Cross)

Climate change

• average rise in global temp by >2*C → significant damage due to melting ice caps → rising sea levels

• Kyoto Protocol (2005-120: attempt to cut GEIs; ineffective on US and China (largest GEI producers)

• developing nations: “cutting emissions → less industrialization”

• Paris Agreement (2016): 196 countries

Effects of globalization on population

• vaccines + antibiotics + insecticides → dec. death rates → explosive pop. growth

• birth control: fertility rates decreasing (world pop. will eventually stabilize)

• poverty/malnutrition prominent in former colonies

  • → child labor, debt bondage, human trafficking (esp for sexual means)

Global terrorism

• 9/11: terrorist attack on Twin Towers by al-Qaeda

• Taliban in Afghanistan: enforces strict interpretation of Islam w/ ideas irrelevant to Islam

• Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003): ousted Saddam Hussein

  • costs of Iraq War: >100k dead

• Obama administration: Osama bin-Laden dead; withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan (finished by Trump and Biden)

Immigration since 2000

• internal migration: rural urban flows; → rapid urbanization

• external: due to disparities btwn developed and developing countries (ie refugees)

  • → inc. Western xenophobia (ie US preventing migration)

  • → multicultural environments

  • → migrants scapegoated for host country’s economic problems

Diseases

globalization → inc. spread of viruses

HIV/AIDS (1981-)

• >30M dead

• HAART: medication

COVID-19 (2019-)

• death toll (2021): >3.5M

• 2020: vaccine

Varied responses to the Internet, cyberattacks

• U.S govt in favor of a secure, open internet

• China: favors restrictions on internet

• various shut downs on internet and social media in crises

Concerns

• Russian interference in 2016 election; North Korea hack of Sony Pictures (2014)

• US and Israel: cyberattacks to slow Iran’s nuclear program

• 2018: General Data Protection Regulation (EU)