Personal Health Ch 8

effects of crack last

5 minutes

As a drug circulates through the body

they are metabolized by the liver and eventually excreted by the kidneys in urine and/or via gastrointestinal tract in feces. Small amounts may also be eliminated in other ways, including in sweat, breast milk, and via the lungs

it is risky for women to use any drugs at all during pregnancy

including alcohol, and common over-the-counter products like cough medicine

Xylazine

large animal tranquilizer

natural opioid-like hormones released by the brain that can inhibit pain and induce

euphoria

chemical substance that helps relay nerve impulses in the brain is called a

neurotransmitter

a condition in which a stimulus evokes not only the sensation appropriate to it but also another sensation of a different character?

synesthesia

intoxication

The state of being mentally affected by a chemical (literally, a state of being poisoned).

substance misuse or abuse

The use of any substance in a manner inconsistent with legal or medical guidelines; may be associated with adverse social, psychological, or medical consequences; the use may be intermittent and with or without tolerance and physical dependence.

substance use disorder

A cluster of symptoms involving cognitive, bodily, and social impairment related to the continued use of a substance; a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe.

11 DSM-5-TR criteria for substance abuse disorder. 2-3 for mild disorder, 4-5 for moderate disorder, 6 or more are evidence for severe disorder

Impaired control:

1. taking the substance in large amounts or over a longer period than originally intended

2. expressing a persistent desire to cut down on or regulate substance use, but being able to do so

3. spending a great deal of time getting the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects

4. Cravings

Social Problems:

5. Failing to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home

6. Continuing to use substances despite being proven they make social situations work

7. Using substances at the expense of social, school, work, or recreational activities

Risky use:

8. Using the substances in which situations are dangerous to do

9. Continuing to use substances despite knowledge of problems

10. Developing tolerance to substances

11. Withdrawal symptoms

Behavioral Addiction

A form of addiction involving a compulsion to engage in an activity such as gambling, sex, or shopping, rather than a compulsion to use a substance.

One half of people with mental disorders also have

substance abuse disorders

risks associated with drug misuse

intoxication, unexpected side effects, unknown drug constituents, infection and injection drug use, legal consequences

neurotransmitter

A brain chemical that transmits nerve impulses.

effects of lsd last

12 or more hours

placebo effect

A response to an inert or innocuous substance given in place of an active drug.

social factors of drugs

the setting of when the dose takes place

the opioid epidemic takes

130 lives per year

depressant or tranquilizer, sedative-hypnotic

A drug that decreases nervous or muscular activity, causing drowsiness or sleep.

barbiturates

CNS depressants used to treat seizures, headaches, and sometimes used in euthanasia.

CNS depressants effects

-mood change

-slurr speech

-drowsiness

-mental function

anesthetic

A drug that produces a loss of sensation with or without a loss of consciousness.

tolerance for cns happens

sometimes for up to 15x the normal dose can develop repeated use

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant, derived from the coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

psychosis

A severe mental disorder characterized by a distortion of reality; symptoms might include delusions or hallucinations.

long-term effects of marijuana

respiratory problems, memory, mental health decline

hallucinogen

Any of several drugs that alter perception, feelings, or thoughts; examples are LSD, mescaline, and PCP.

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

phencyclidine

PCP; drug originally developed as a surgical anesthetic that was discontinued due to adverse patients reactions; abusers of the drug often experience severe psychiatric manifestations

ketamine

a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist

magic mushrooms

fungus that contains the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin. been used for thousands of years as a hallucinogen

inhalants

Substances whose fumes are sniffed or inhaled to give effect

people who use drugs are more likely to

commit violent crimes

treating a drug addiction like a mental illness is

cheaper than incarceration

Harm reduction strategies

-Needle-exchange programs

-Safe injection facility

-Provision of easy-to-use form of naloxone

-Free testing of street drugs

preventing drug misuse

Understand the context of drug use

Accurate education and information

Address underlying issues that we are escaping from

Poverty, oppression, violence

Depression, anxiety, isolation

The drugs most often associated with addiction and impairment are

psychoactive drugs

what factors can contribute to the way in which a person responds to a drug

genetic factors

weight

pregnancy

main factors in the initial use of drugs

availability

peer influence

refers to the subjectively pleasing effects of a drug, usually felt soon after the drug is taken

high

Which infections and diseases are associated with the use of unsterile needles and syringes by people who misuse drugs?

HIV

hepatitis C

An opioid is

any of several natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness or euphoria

GHB is a CNS depressant that in large doses or when taken in combination with alcohol or other depressants can cause

loss of consciousness

death

Central nervous system depressants were mainly developed as

antianxiety agents

effects of CNS stimulants

greater muscular tension

increased blood pressure

accelerated heart rate

Cocaine is usually derived from the leaves of the

cocoa shrubs that grow in the Andes Mountains.

CNS depressants known for their calming properties are given in combination with

anesthetics before operations and other medical or dental procedures.

amphetamines

They are stimulants.

They affect the central nervous system.

They are also known as uppers.

The activity of the nervous or muscular system is speed up by central nervous system:

stimulants

38 states and the District of Columbia (DC) have legalized medical marijuana, and

24 states and DC allow for recreational usage.

most common CNS stimulants

nicotine

ephedrine

cocaine

In small doses, amphetamines

change sleep patterns

make people feel more alert

a potent central nervous system stimulant

amphetamine

A drug that increases nervous or muscular activity is called a

stimulant

widely abused prescription drugs

medication to treat pain

medication to treat ADHD

medication to treat anxiety

With more than 50 million current users, the most widely used federally illegal drug in the United States is:

cannabis

part of the definition of prescription drug abuse according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse

the use of a medication just for the experience

the use of a medication without a prescription

the use of a medication in a way other than prescribed

What is the best solution for drug abuse?

prevention

names of synthetic recreational drugs marketed as stimulants with properties like those of cocaine or amphetamine

White Rush

Bath salts

reasons that people in the United States have for wanting to keep illegal drugs illegal

Drugs would be more socially acceptable if they were legalized.

Legalizing drugs might expose more people to abuse and dependence.

Allowing easier access to drugs might increase drug use among children and teenagers.

What is the purpose of a harm reduction strategy in drug treatment?

to minimize the negative effects of drug use and abuse

psychoactive drug

A drug that can alter a person's consciousness or experience.

addiction

A chronic disease that disrupts the brain's system of motivation and reward, characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behavior, and by harm to the individual and/or society.

addictive behavior

Compulsive behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing and is often pursued to the marginalization or exclusion of other activities and responsibilities.

tolerance

Lower sensitivity to a drug or substance so that a given dose no longer exerts the usual effect and larger doses are needed.

withdrawal

Physical and psychological symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug that a person has become dependent on; symptoms may be mild or life threatening.

Development of Substance Abuse Disorder

when something brings pleasure, a person gets used to it, then repeated use becomes necessary to avoid withdrawal

Gambling Disorder

affects 1-2.5% of American adults. 75% of students have reported engaging in the common behavior and 6% have a serious addiction that results in unmanageable debts, psychological difficulties, and failing grades. 16x more likely to commit suicide

Since the pandemic, the sharpest rise in deaths via drug use have been

among people ages 25-54, Black men, and Native Americans/Alaskan Natives

Factors associated with trying drugs

Male (twice as likely as females)

Troubled childhood

Thrill-seeking

Dysfunctional family background

Peer group that accepts drug use

Trouble at school

Being poor

Girl dating an older boy

Risky sexual behavior

Factors associated with not using drugs

•Perceiving drug use as risky, and disapproving of it

•Positive self-esteem and self-concept

•Assertive, independent thinkers not controlled by peer pressure

•Self-control

•Social competence

•Optimism

•Academic achievement

•Religiosity

•Open communication with parents

in states with legal syringe service programs, where used syringes can be traded for new ones

HIV and HVC rates have dropped by about 50%

Drug arrests account for

the second highest counts of all crimes

Cocaine and amphetamines

increase the amount of dopamine

6 groups of psychoactive drugs

1. Opioids

2. Central nervous system (CNS) depressants

3. Central nervous system stimulants

4. Marijuana

5. Hallucinogens

6. Inhalants

opioid

Any of several natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness and/or euphoria; examples are opium, morphine, and heroin; also called a narcotic.

sedation

The induction of a calm, relaxed, often sleepy state.

benzodiazepines

CNS depressants used for sleep and anxiety disorders.

central nervous system depressants

alcohol, benzodiazpines and opioids (heroin, meperidine, morphine, oxycodone, vicodin)

Rohypnol

(flunitrazepam) A sedative that is 10 times more potent than Valium; used as a "date rape drug." Has never been approved for use by the FDA

club drug

a drug made to closely resemble a common illegal drug in chemical structure and effect

a potentially lethal dose of fetanyl is smaller than

a dime

GHB

(gamma hydroxybutyrate) A central nervous system depressant that can be produced in clear liquid, white powder, tablet, and capsule form.

Almost 70% of Americans who died from an overdose between 2000-2021

had no college experience

stimulants

A drug that increases nervous or muscular activity.

a woman who uses cocaine during pregnancy has a higher rate of

miscarriages, stillbirth, premature labor

Amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

depersonalization

A state in which a person loses their sense of reality or perceives their body as unreal.

marijuana

A plant whose leaves, buds, and flowers are usually smoked for their intoxicating effects

altered states of consciousness

Profound changes in mood, thinking, and perception.

synesthesia

A condition in which a stimulus evokes not only the sensation appropriate to it but also another sensation of a different character, such as when a color evokes a specific smell.

flashback

A perceptual distortion or bizarre thought that recurs after the chemical effects of a drug have worn off.

MDMA

A compound drug related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline; commonly called "ecstasy." Can affect concentration, judgement, and driving ability. Can cause paranoia, dangerously high body temperature, kidney failure, dehydration

bath salts

mephedrone or a related stimulant packaged as bath salts but intended for use as a psychoactive drug

65% of all state and federal prisoners

meet the diagnosis for substance abuse disorder

the cost of drug overdose fatalities is

$1 trillion per year

methadone

A treatment that activates opiate receptors slowly than other opiates, dampening the high that addicts get. Eases withdrawal.

Naltrexone

opioid antagonist

drug treatment centers

outpatient drug-free treatment, short term treatment, maintenance therapy, therapeutic communities