A&P 1103 ch 1-3

Characteristics of organic compounds

• always have covalent bonds

• many are large and complex

• many are insoluble in H2O

• can carry energy necessary for metabolism

An atom which has a positive or negative charge

Ion

A positively charged ion

Cation

A negatively charged ion

Anion

A substance formed by 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds

Molecule

Compounds that usually lack carbon

Inorganic compound

Compounds that always contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen and are mostly made up of covalent bonds

Organic compound

The smallest unit of an element that still retains all the physical and chemical properties of that element

Atom

The study of body structures (e.g., dimensions, shape, texture, location, color, composition, orientation)

Anatomy

The study of body functions (e.g., mechanisms, interactions, communication systems)

Physiology

A pure substance which cannot be broken down any further by chemical means = basic unit of life

Chemical element

What are the three kinds of elements living matter is made up of?

Major elements, lesser elements, trace elements

Most common chemical elements in the body

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Link between atoms to form a chemical substance

Chemical bond

Major types of chemical bonds

• Ionic bonds

• Covalent bonds

• Hydrogen bonds

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom

Electron shell

Atoms of elements found in the human body hold how many shells?

1-5 electron shells

The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom

Valence shell

The negative and positive charge attraction between ions

Ionic bond

A covalent bond where the bonding electrons are shared equally between two atoms

Nonpolar covalent bond

A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

Polar molecule

When do polar molecules occur?

When atoms share electrons unequally in polar covalent bonds

Example of a polar molecule

Water (H2O)

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Hydrogen bonds

What needs to happen for evaporation to occur?

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules must be broken

The liquid portion of blood

Blood plasma

Body fluids that lie within cells

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Body fluids located outside of cells

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

One reactant gives up an atom of hydrogen and another reactant gives up a hydroxyl group, in the formation of their covalent bond, a molecule of water is released as a byproduct

Dehydration synthesis

A molecule of water disrupts a compound breaking its bonds, the water is itself split into H and OH

Hydrolysis

Very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

Macromolecule

A very rich energy compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid

Triglycerides

Those chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities

Prostaglandins

What is a heat sink?

A substance or object that absorbs and dissipates heat but does not experience a corresponding increase in temperature

Formed when a slightly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule

Hydrogen bonding

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature

Oils

Lipids that are solid at room temperature

Fats

Complex macromolecules essential to all life, composed of amino acids

Proteins

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Gene

A single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Main role and function of DNA

Store hereditary material, direct protein synthesis via RNA.

The basic building block of proteins

Amino acid

How are polymers split into monomers?

Hydrolysis

How do monomers form polymers?

Engaging in dehydration synthesis

Examples of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Groups of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements

Organic compounds

A group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tend to function in a chemical reaction as a single unit

Functional group

Five important functional groups

• Hydroxyl

• Carboxyl

• Amino

• Methyl

• Phosphate

What is the structure of DNA?

Double-stranded, carbohydrate = deoxyribose, bases = A, T, G, C

What bases are found in DNA?

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

What bases are found in RNA?

Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

Examples of steroids

Cholesterol, sex hormones, bile salts, vitamin D

Insoluble in water, contain mostly hydrocarbon chains, do not contain much oxygen

Main properties of lipids

Type of fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds

Saturated fatty acid

Type of fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail

Unsaturated fatty acid

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose

Starch

A polymer of glucose found in animals; stored form of glucose

Glycogen

A polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant cell walls

Cellulose

What structure contains a hydrogen atom, an alkaline amino group NH2, an acidic carboxyl group COOH, and a variable group?

Amino acid

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide which is genetically determined

Primary protein structure

Coiling or folding of a polypeptide due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids

Secondary protein structure

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

Tertiary protein structure

The process by which amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds

Forming polypeptides

The number of polypeptide chains linked together, and sometimes associated with non-protein groups to form a protein

Quaternary protein structure

How are double bonds between carbons characterized in lipids?

Unsaturated fatty acid

Chemical compounds consist of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base

Nucleotide

Serving as structural materials, energy sources, and chemical messengers

General characteristics of proteins

Structural components of cell membranes used as cell identity markers

Glycolipids

The chemical process conditioning cells enabling them to exchange information and react to external environments

Cell signaling.

What are the different types of RNA?

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

A nucleic acid created from an RNA template and scored the genetic code for protein synthesis

mRNA.

The highest structural level of protein organization is referred to as...

Quaternary protein structure.

Smallest unit of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides.

Type of protein that serves as a catalyst for biochemical reactions

Enzymatic proteins.

Main role of mRNA

Carry genetic information from DNA in nucleus to cytoplasm.

Essential elements for muscle contractions include...

Calcium, sodium, potassium.

Polymers of glucose linked by glycosidic bonds

Polysaccharides.

The first energy-rich compound created in the human body

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).

Dissolving ions in solution help to create this essential bodily system.

Electrolytes.