A&P 1103 ch 1-3
-always have covalent bonds
-many are large and complex
-many are insoluble in H20
-can carry energy necessary for metabolism
Select the correct term
1
interstitial fluid
2
characteristics of organic compounds
3
ionic bond
4
if the valence shell is not full
Don't know?
Terms in this set (120)
Original
anatomy
study of body structures (e.g. dimensions, shape, texture, location, colour, composition, orientation)
physiology
study of body functions (e.g. mechanisms, interactions, communication systems)
chemical element
a pure substance which cannot be broken down any further by chemical means = basic unit of life
what are the 3 kinds of elements living matter is made up of
major elements, lesser elements, trace elements
most common chemical elements in the body
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
atom
the smallest unit of an element that still retains all the physical and chemical properties of that element
subatomic particles
-protons (positive charge)
-neutrons (no charge)
-electrons (negative charge)
what subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
what subatomic particles are found in the atomic number?
number of protons and electrons
atomic mass
mass of (protons+neutrons+electrons)
molecule
substance formed by 2 or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
compound
substance that contains atoms from 2 or more different elements
chemical bond
link between atoms to form chemical substance
major types of chemical bonds
-ionic bonds
-covalent bonds
-hydrogen bonds
ion
atom which has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons
cation
a positively charged ion
anion
a negatively charged ion
formation of an ionic bond
1. loss or gain of electrons (formation of ions)
2. attraction between opposite charges
formation of a covalent bond
bond formed as a result of 2 or more atoms
inorganic compound
compounds that usually lack carbon
three examples of inorganic compounds
-salts
-acids
-bases
organic compound
compounds that always contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen, and that are mostly made up of covalent bonds
four examples of organic compounds
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
periodic table of elements
a chart where all the elements are organized into periods and groups according to their properties
electron shell
an energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom
atoms of elements found in the human body hold how many shells?
1-5 electron shells
valence shell
the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom
atoms are most stable when...
they have filled their outermost shell
octet rule
states that an atom will give up, gain, or share electrons with another atom so that it ends up with eight electrons in its own valence shell
ionic bond
the opposite charges of cations and anions that exert a moderately strong mutual attraction that keeps the atoms in close proximity
covalent bond
where molecules share electrons in a mutually stabilizing relationship
nonpolar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally between the two atoms
polar molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
when do polar molecules occur?
when atoms share electrons unequally in polar covalent bonds
example of a polar molecule
water (H2O)
hydrogen bonds
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
how are hydrogen bonds formed?
formed when a slightly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom from another molecule
example of hydrogen bonding
between water molecules
if the valence shell is full...
the atom is stable
if the valence shell is not full
the atom is reactive
how many electrons do first three electron shells hold?
the first holds 2, the second holds 8, the third holds 18
characteristics of organic compounds
-always have covalent bonds
-many are large and complex
-many are insoluble in H20
-can carry energy necessary for metabolism
characteristics of inorganic compounds
-usually ionic bonds
-soluble in water
-relatively small
-cannot be used to perform complex functions
main structural characteristics of water
-inorganic compound
-2 covalent bonds
-polar
main characteristics of water regulating body temperature
-resistant to changes in temperature
-can absorb/release large amounts of heat
-absorbs heat when its evaporated
interstitial fluid
fluid between cells
blood plasma
liquid portion of blood
example of water as a lubricant and cushion
-water in synovial fluid lubricates the actions of body joints
-water in pleural fluid helps the lungs expand and recoil with breathing
-watery fluids help keep food flowing through the digestive tract
-protects cells and organs from physical trauma that cushions the brain within the skull
example of water as a heat sink
-water absorbs the heat generated by chemical reactions without greatly increasing in temperature
-when environmental temperature soars, the water stored in the body helps keep the body cool
what is a heat sink?
a substance or object that absorbs and dissipates heat but does not experience a corresponding increase in temperature
what needs to happen for evaporation to occur
hydrogen bonds between water molecules must be broken
example of water as a component for liquid mixtures
-for cells in the body to survive theft must be kept moist in a water based liquid called a solution
-a solution consists of a solvent that dissolves a substance called a solute
-the solute molecules are distributed evenly throughout the solution
the role of water in chemical reactions
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
one reactant gives up an atom of hydrogen and another reactant gives up a hydroxyl group, in the formation of their covalent bond, a molecule of water is released as a byproduct
hydrolysis
a molecule of water disrupts a compound breaking its bonds, the water is itself split into H and OH, one portion of the severed compound then bonds with the hydrogen atom, and the other portion bonds with the hydroxyl group
what are the two fluid compartments in the body?
intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
intracellular fluid
body fluids that lies within cells
extracellular fluid
body fluids located outside of cells;
biochemistry
the study of substances and processes occurring in living things
organic compounds in the body
-carbohydrate synthesized by the body=glycogen
-lipid synthesized by the body=triglyceride
-protein synthesized by the body=hemoglobin
monomer
subunit/building block, joined together to make a polymer
polymer
group of linked subunits (monomers)
3 types of carbohydrates
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
monosaccharides
-simple sugars (3-7 C atoms)
-building blocks of carbohydrates (monomers)
types of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides
two monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds
types of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
polysaccharides
a chain linked of monosaccharides
types of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose
main properties of lipids
-insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
-contain mostly hydrocarbon chains
-do not contain much oxygen
saturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds
unsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail
fats
lipids that are solid at room temperature
oils
lipids that are liquid at room temperature
triglycerides
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid
phospholipids
a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
examples of steroids
-cholesterol
-sex hormones
-bile salts
-vitamin D
most common lipids in the body
glycolipids, prostaglandins, fat-soluble vitamins
glycolipids
structural components of cell membranes used as cell identity markers
prostaglandins
chemical messengers coordinating local cellular activities
general characteristics of protein
serve as structural materials, energy sources, and chemical messengers.
structure of proteins
-amino acids (monomers)
-peptide of polypeptide (polymer)
-protein (1 or more polypeptide)
amino acid
a structure that contains an amino group, carboxyl group, and a side chain (20 different ones)
two forms of amino acids
-non-ionized form
-ionized form (in solution)
four levels of organization in a protein structure
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
forming polypeptides
amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds in which the amino of one amino acid bonds to the carboxyl group of another amino acid
forming a peptide bond
formed by condensation or dehydration reaction (releasing one water molecule)
primary protein structure
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide which is genetically determined
secondary protein structure
coiling or folding of a polypeptide due to H-bonding between amino acids
tertiary protein structure
3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
quarternary protein structure
a number of polypeptide chains linked together, and sometimes associated with non-protein groups to form a protein
general characteristics of nucleic acids
-very long chain of nucleotides (polymer)
-found mostly inside body parts
-our genetic material
structure of DNA
-double-stranded
-carbohydrate = deoxyribose
-bases = A, T, G, C
main role and function of DNA
-store hereditary material (genes and other)
-blueprint for synthesis of proteins
-direct protein synthesis via RNA
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
structure of RNA
-single-stranded
-carbohydrate=ribose
-bases= A, U, G, C
main role and function of RNA
-facilitate protein synthesis
-carry genetic information from DNA in nucleus to cytoplasm (or within mitochondria)
-3 main types with specific roles: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
organic compounds
consist of groups of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements
functional group
group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that are tending to a function in a chemical reaction as a single unit
5 important functional groups
-hydroxyl
-carboxyl
-amino
-methyl
-phosphate
macromolecule
a very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
how are polymers split into monomers?
hydrolysis
how do monomers form polymers?
engaging in dehydration synthesis
5 monosaccharides important to the body
-glucose
-fructose
-galactose
-ribose
-deoxyribose
which out of the 5 monosaccharides are hexose sugars and which are pentose sugars
glucose, fructose, and galactose = hexose sugars
ribose, deoxyribose = pentose sugars
starch
a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose
glycogen
a polymer of glucose found in animals; stored form of glucose
cellulose
polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls
lipids
energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
most important type of steroid?
cholesterol
a nucleotide is a class of organic compounds composed of three subunits...
-one or more phosphate groups
-a pentose sugar: either deoxyribose or ribose
-a nitrogen-containing base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, or uracil
all amino acids consist of a central carbon atom that are bonded to:
-a hydrogen atom
-an alkaline amino group NH2
-an acidic carboxyl group COOH
-a variable group
shape is essential to its function which is determined by the sequence of amino acids called...
primary structures
secondary structure of proteins folds into a compact three-dimensional shape called...
protein tertiary structures
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
what bases are found in DNA?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
what bases are found in RNA?