Pathology I: Principals of Tumors

…: state of autonomous cell division → cellular proliferation without a continuing external stimulus (main difference to hyperplasia)

Neoplasia

…: autonomous division of a single cell that has acquired generic mutations

clonal proliferation

…: abnormal mass of tissue, characterized by uncoordinated growth, benign or malignant

Neoplasm

Benign tumors are well … in comparison to malignant tumors

circumscribed

Malignant tumors have … potential where as benign tumors do not

metastatic

benign tumors are … while malignant tumors are not

encapsulated

Benign tumor are very well …, with a close resemblance to their cells of origin

differentiated

There is a cellular … throughout a benign tumor, with few cells undergoing mitosis

uniformity

Benign tumors have a … nuclear:cytoplasmic ration

normal

Malignant tumors have variable differentiation (from well to poorly differentiated), these cells demonstrate …

pleomorphism

Malignant tumors have a … nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

high

…: a cell that stains more darkly, incicating an increase in the DNA, typically seen in malignant cells

hyperchromatism

Defining features of malignancy: … (2)

Invasive growth, metastatic potential

…: maligant tumors arising from epithelia, most common type of maliganat tumors

carcinomas

Carcinomas commonly metastasize via the … system

lymphatic

Benign epithelial tumors end in …

-oma

…: Benign squamous epithelium tumor

squamous cell papilloma

…: benign glandular epithelum tumor

adenoma

…: benign urothelium tumor

urothelial papilloma

…: malignant squamous epithelium tumor

squamous cell carcinoma

…: malignant glandular epithelium tumor

adenocarcinoma

…: malignant urothelium tumor

urothelial carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by: … (2)

keratin formation, intercellular bridges between cells

Adenocarcinoma is characterized by: … (2)

glandular formation, mucin production

Malignant mesenchymal tumors end in …

sarcoma

…: benign smooth muscle tumor

leiomyoma

…: benign straited muscle tumor

Rhabdomyoma

…: benign adipose tissue tumor

lipoma

…: benign blood vessel tumor

hemangioma

…: benign cartilage tumor

chondroma

…: benign bone tumor

osteoma

…: malignant smooth muscle tumor

leiomyosarcoma

…: malignant striated muscle tumor

Rhabdomyosarcoma

…: malignant adipose tissue tumor

liposarcoma

…: malignant blood vessel tumor

angiosarcoma

…: malignant cartilage tumor

chondrosarcoma

…: malignant bone tumor

osteosarcoma

sarcomas are relative rare malignant neoplasms, most commonly metastasize via the …

blood stream

…: benign melanocyte tumor

melanocytic naevus

Benign tumors are not recognized in: … (3)

mesothelium, haemopoietic cells, glia

…: malignant melanocyte tumor

melanoma

…: malignant mesothelium tumor

mesothelioma

…: malignant haemopoietic cells

lymphoma/leukaemia

…: malignant glia tumor

glioma

…: the degree of resemblance to the tissue of origin

assessment of differentiation

…: correlates with aggressiveness of tumors behavior

tumor grade

…: well differentiated → less aggressive behavior

Grade 1

…: moderately differentiated → intermediate behavior

grade 2

…: poorly differentiated → more aggressive behavior

Grade 3

carcinomas are grades via …

three tier system

Renal cell carcinomas are graded on a …

four tier system

Prostatic carcinoma are graded on a …

5 tier system

… is not graded

hodgkin lymphoma

…: classified as low or high grade, depending on the subtype

Non-hodgkin lymphoma

Grade I renal cell carcinoma nuclei: … (3)

small, round, absent nucleoli

Grade II renal cell carcinoma: … (3)

larger, irregularities in outline, visible nucleoli

Grade III renal cell carcinoma: … (3)

even larger, obvious irregular outlie, prominent nucleoli

melanomas and mesotheliomas are …

not graded

sarcomas are graded depending on the …

specific type

Gliomas and other nervous system tumors are graded using a …

4tier system

Melanomas are graded based on two systems: … (2)

Clarks levels, breslows thickness

…: low proliferating, discrete, non-invasive tumor

WHO I

…: modest proliferating, partly invasive tumor

WHO II

…: Fast proliferating, invasive tumor

WHO III

…: Rapidly proliferating, highly invasive tumor

WHO IV

…: provides quantitative assessment of the extent of anatomical spread by tumor, single most important prognostic factor for cancer

Tumor stage

…: helps predict the probable course and outcome of disease

prognostic factor

Modalities used for assessing tumor staging: … (4)

clinical, radiological, surgical, pathological

…: overall stage

TNM system

T of TNM stands for …

local Tumor spread

N of TNM stands for …

regional lymph Node metastases

M of TNM stands for …

distant Metastases

T in hollow viscus determined by the … in the wall of the organ and its involvement or not of adjacent structures

depth of tumors invasion

T at other sites is stages with regard to their … and invasion or not of adjacent strucutres

maximum dimension

…: staging systems for gynacoloical cancers

FIGO system

…: staging systems for colorectal cancers

dukes system

…: staging systems for lymphomas

ann arbor system

Definite diagnosis → … assessment → grading of tumor

histopathological and cytopathological

Staging requires further examinations … (2)

CT scan, MRI scan

…: caused by tissue destruction, at cancer site

local symptoms

…: caused by cancers metastasis in distant organs

metastatic symptoms

Lung cancer local effects: … (3)

haemoptysis, pneumonia, pleural effusion

Liver cancer local effects: … (2)

Jaundice, hepatic failure

Brain cancer local effects: … (2)

seizures, stroke

bone marrow cancer local effects: … (3)

anaemia, leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia

Bone cancer local effects: … (3)

pain, fracture, spinal cord compression

…: related to a general reaction of the organism (prolonged fever, weight and appetite loss, decreased immunity)

Systemic symptoms

…: caused by substances produced by the tumor or by the organism in response to tumor (hormones and cytokines, Antibodies)

Paraneoplastic syndrome

Paraneoplastic syndromes endocrine: … (2)

hypercalcaemia, cushings

Neuromuscular paraneoplasic syndromes: …

Eaton-lambert myasthenic syndrome

Haematological paraneoplastic syndromes: …

thromboembolism

Renal paraneoplastic syndromes: …

nephrotic syndrome

cells ability to undergo alterations in order to adapt to a constantly changing environment: … (4)

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia

…: reduction in the size of a tissue or organs, reduction in the cell number or cell size

atrophy

…: increase in the size of cells → overall increase in size of the tissue or organ

hypertrophy

…: increase in the number of cells → overall increase of tissue or organs hyperplasia

hyperplasia

…: replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type, most common in epithelia cells as a response to chronic injury, physiological or pathological process → epithelial dysplasia

Metaplasia

Columnar epithelium of cervix → acid environment of vagina → …

squamous epitehlium

COlumar epithelium of bronchial tree → cigarette smoke → …

squamous epithelium

Squamous epithelium of oesophagus → gastric acid → …

columar epithelium