Motor control & Motor learning

What is the ability to initiate, direct, and grade the mechanisms that determine movement (start, carry out, and tweak the task)

Area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical and behavioral aspects of biological mvmt?

motor control

what are the 3 stages of motor control?

Stimulus Identification → Response Selection → Response programming

What stage of motor control is where Relevant stimuli are identified and selected (visual, vestibular, somatosensory stim) Perception and cognitive processes are integral parts of this processing

Stimulus identification

Memory, attention, motivation (past experiences) all influences stimulus identification. selection of stimuli is sensitive to

Clarity

Intensity

Pattern complexity

what stage of motor control is when a Plan for movement is developed → motor plan (made of motor programs), Selection of a general response

Response selection

response selection is sensitive to

# of different movement alternatives

Stimulus-response compatibility

what stage of motor control is the translation of idea of movement into action as defined by a motor program. Action is defined by motor program

response programming

What is an abstract representation when initiated results in coordinated movement?

motor program

response programming is sensitive to

complexity and duration of the movement

What is it called when patterns of movement are selected based on:

feedforward control (anticipatory adjustments, happens in advance) vs feedback control (gives corrective input for future tasks)

Serial (occurs linearly/specific) & parallel processing

PMA, SMA (supplementary motor area): both devise plans of movement, Primary motor cortex (responsible for sending motor signals)

Response Execution

one must manipulate one task at a time to change

complexity

what is the complex processes associated with practice or experiences leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for motor skill?

motor learning

what does motor learning require of the CNS?

spatial, temporal, and hierarchical organization

What motor learning theory is a Closed Loop Control → Feedback: Sensory feedback from ongoing movement is going to be compared to a stored memory of that movement before.

Explains learning during slow, linear-positioning responses.

Adams’s Theory

What motor learning theory Stores various factors → schema (allows for storage of conditions of a task, allows store info of outcomes/consequences of tasks)

Explains learning novel or open skills in varying or changing environments. 1st fight concept.

Schema Theory

What is a rule, concept, or relationship based on experience

schema

what are the 3 stages of motor learning? not completely fixed and may overlap

cognitive, associative, autonomous

what stage of motor learning develops an understanding of the task, LOTS of cognitive activity, conscious attention & thought, visual feedback, Performance is inconsistent, though large gains/improvements will occur, answers question of what to do?

cognitive stage

what stage of motor learning is the

Refinement of the motor pattern with subtle adjustments, Spatial and temporal organization INCREASE, Errors DECREASE → more consistent, Cognitive activity decreases, Reliant on proprioceptive feedback, answers question of how to?

associative

what stage of motor learning has:

Continued practice and refinement of the motor patterns, Spatial and temporal components become highly organized

Only occasional errors with limited cognitive effort required

Answers the question “how to succeed?”

autonomous

during what stage of learning is it important to facilitate task understanding and organize early practice

Demonstration of the task is important

Think about desired outcome & critical task elements as well as critical environmental features

Guided movement, but w/ caution

Allow trial and error (critical elements only)

cognitive stage

During which phase of learning is there a refinement of strategy w/ high levels of practice.

Varied environments and use of distractors

Proprioceptive feedback

Guided training is not helpful

associated and autonomous phases

what motor learning practice has rest < practice

massed practice

what motor learning practice has Practice </= Rest

Increases total training time

Consider fatigue, attention, cognition, safety (start w/ this)

distributed practice

what motor learning practice has 1 task w/ no contextual interference

Lends to structure, consistent (good for TBI)

Blocked practice

what motor learning practice has many tasks in random order → interference

Improves retention (increases cognitive processing required)

Random practice

what is better for retention and generalizability?

serial and random practicee

example of serial practice if you have 3 different tasks (ABC)

ABCABCABC

what practice strategy facilitates skill acquisition

Helpful with fatigue

mental practice

what practice strategy has practice component parts of discrete or serial skills

MUST follow with whole practice

part-whole practice

what kind of feedback is provided as the pt is performing the mvmt? (safety)

concurrent feedback

what kind of feedback is given after performance

Knowledge of Results (KR): provides info about end result of mvmt

Knowledge of Performance (KP): provide info about quality of mvmt

terminal feedback

when providing feedback consider the

mode, intensity, & schedule of feedback

giving feedback slows

learning and retention

what is the term when one is reducing frequency of feedback

fading

removal of cues?

withdrawing?

demonstrate skill over time even without a period of practice

retention test

the learning of one skill is assessed by looking at the ability to perform similar tasks (task on 1 leg can you do it on the other)

transfer tests

ability to perform a transfer from bed to WC example of

adaptation skill

ability to perform a skill in different environments example of

adaptation context