Unit 4 | APHUG

neocolonialism

powerful country controlling weaker country indirectly through economy

relic boundary

used to exist but no longer a boundary
ex. berlin wall

superimposed boundary

drawn by external powers WITHOUT considering differences

ex. scramble for africa

antecedent boundary

boundaries drawn BEFORE a territory was populated

ex. canada, USA (49th parallel)

ex. boundary between Chile & Argentina was seperated by mountains

delimit

to draw boundaries on map

demarcated

boundary is marked with physical object

demilitarized zone

area between 2 states that agreed to no military presence

allocational boundary dispute

valuable natural resource in both sides

redistricting

redrawing boundaries of voting districts after a census

state fragmentation

country divided into distinct regions

state disintegration

countries into 2 or more distinct countries

state

area with a permanent population

defined borders

sovereign government

recognized by other states

nation

group of people with shared culture & history

self determination

right/desire for a nation (group of people) to govern themselves

nation-state

a sovereign state that has one nation (ethnic group) within its borders

ex. south korea (many south koreans)

multinational state

state that has more than one nation within its borders

ex. United States

multistate nation

nation spread across multiple sovereign states

ex. Burques live in Spain & France

Kurds live in Iraq, Turkey, Iran

What do stateless nations lack?

• control over political boundaries

• government with sovereignty

• control over affairs

• recognition from other states

autonomous regions

geographic area in a state with higj degree of autonomy from the state

ex. native america reservations in U.S

semi-autonomous regions

area controlled by another state

moderate degree of self-governance

ex. Hong Kong, China

colonialism

acquiring territories and settling there to exert control

Berlin Conference

European powers colonized Africa and drew political borders that benefited them without considering existing ethnic borders

devolution

power is broken up and spread between lower organizations

shatterbelts

region caught between stronger conflicting forces, leading to instability and political fragmentation.

ex. west & east germany, korean war

chokepoint

narrow passageway to another place which is difficult to pass through

countries in charge hold a lot of political power

subsequent boundary

• drawn after people had already settled in the area

• ex. Protestants in the north (Northern Ireland) and Catholics in the south (Republic of Ireland).

consequent boundary

boundary drawn with consideration of different cultural landscapes

(type of subsequent boundary)

ex. border between pakistan and india due to religious differences

frontier

no state has direct power over

definitional boundary dispute

disagree over interpretation of legal documents/original plan

locational boundary dispute

original boundary moves

ex. Mississippi river shifting

operational boundary dispute

• borders are clear

• function of border causes conflict

• ex. Mexican/U.S border

United Nations Conference on the Law of The Seas (UNCLOS)

• sea boundaries

• extends 12 miles into territorial sea

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

• country has rights to natural resource extraction to zone that extends 200 naval miles from coast

cracking

Splitting a group of voters so they’re too small to win in any district.
🧩 “Break them up!”

packing

Putting a group of voters all into one district so they can’t influence others.
📦 “Stuff them all in one place!”

win there, but no influence elsewhere.

unitary state

centra/national government has power

policies are made by central government and funneled down to regional units

ex. China, France

advantages of unitary state

• fewer government agencies

• less corrupt at local level

• efficiency

disadvantages of unitary state

• central government favoring the dominant group (ignoring minority groups)

• disconnection from local areas (slow to respond to their issues)

federal state

power is shared between central government & regional government

decisions are made both local and national level

advantages of federal state

allows for diversity of opinions

allows for multiple political parties to be in power

can tend to local needs

disadvantages of federal state

takes longer to make policy changes

inefficiency

devolution

irredentism

when a country wants to reclaim land it believes belongs to it.

russia’s claim over crimes

disintegrate

when a state or region breaks apart into smaller parts, often due to conflict or division.
Example:

Yugoslavia disintegrated into several independent countries.

Soviet Union

South Sudan & Sudan

Supranational Organizations that revolve around political or military goals

United Nations

African Union (eradicate forms of colonialsm)

Supranational Organizations that focus on military

North Atlantic Treaty Org (NATO) (collective defense/allies)

Economic Supranational Organizations

European Union

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (accelerate economic growth)

Enviromental Supranational Organizations

Arctic Council