EAPP Q1

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Academic Writing

Formal and structured form of writing

Academic Writing

Used in universities and scholarly publications

Purpose of Academic Writing

Inform, explain, analyze, or argue (for academic purposes)

Audience of Academic Writing

Teachers, professors, researchers, students

Tone of Academic Writing

Formal, objective, often impersonal

Structure of Academic Writing

Follows a rigid format (introduction, body, conclusion, citations)

Language of Academic Writing

Academic vocabulary, complex sentences, third person POV

Examples of Academic Writing

Essays, research papers, literature reviews, thesis

Evidence and Sources in Academic Writing

Requires supporting evidence with citations (APA, MLA, etc.)

Length of Academic Writing

Often longer and more detailed

Professional Writing

Type of written communication used in workplace and professional settings

Professional Writing

Conveys information clearly, concisely, effectively

Purpose of Professional Writing

Communicate information efficiently, clearly, and concisely (for work-related purposes)

Audience of Professional Writing

Clients, colleagues, managers, or stakeholders

Tone of Professional Writing

Formal/semi-formal; may be more direct and concise

Structure of Professional Writing

Depends on the type (emails, memos, reports, proposals)

Language of Professional Writing

Clear, concise, precise; jargon may be used depending on context

Examples of Professional Writing

Business emails, memos, reports, proposals, resumes

Evidence and Sources in Professional Writing

May or may not include references

Length of Professional Writing

Typically shorter and straight to the point

Academic Writing

Requires critical thinking

Academic Writing

Process starts with posing a question, problematizing a concept, evaluating an opinion

Academic Text

Written by professionals in any given field

Academic Text

Well-edited and often take years to publish due to intense writing or review

Academic Text

Contains words and terms specific to a field

Academic Text

Use of personal pronouns can make writing informal and less credible

Academic Text

Requires third-person point of view for objectivity and persuasiveness

Academic Text

Contains lists of sources or references

Academic Text

Can be challenging for novice/beginner readers

Academic Text

Informative, argumentative, or objective in nature

Academic Text

Emotions and feelings of the author are not delivered

Academic Text

Based on facts and evidence

Academic Text

Enhances the reader’s understanding of a specific field

Jargons

Special words/expressions used by a profession or group and are difficult to understand

Formal Language

Does not use colloquialism, contractions, or first-person pronouns

Colloquialism

Everyday language used by people of a certain region

Contraction

Shortening and combining two words

Three-Part Essay Structure

Introduction, body, conclusion

IMRaD Structure

Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion

Non-Academic Text

Non-objective

Non-Academic Text

Tend to be more personal and based on opinions or one’s point of view

Non-Academic Text

Opinions are neither correct nor incorrect

Non-Academic Text

Written for the mass public; no specific audience

Non-Academic Text

Published quickly and can be written by anyone

Non-Academic Text

Does not involve research or sources

Non-Academic Text

Uses informal and conversational language; may contain slang

Non-Academic Text

Author may be unknown

Non-Academic Text

Usually delivers simple and basic information

Non-Academic Text

Can be read and easily understood by any reader

Non-Academic Text

Personal, emotional, impressionistic, or subjective in nature

Reading Critically

Involves scrutinizing any information you read

Reading Critically

Close and careful reading of the text

Reading Critically

Not easily believing information offered by a text

Reading Critically

An active process of discovery

Reading Critically

Engages with the writer’s ideas; question the writer’s claims and assertions, comment on ideas

Importance of Critical Reading

Allows you to read and analyze a text, breaking it down into components and assessing strengths and weaknesses

Importance of Critical Reading

Helps understand the author’s purpose and how it relates to your own life

Critical Reading Technique: Annotate

Underline, circle, or highlight important words, phrases, or sentences; write marginal notes asking questions or commenting on the writer’s ideas

Critical Reading Technique: Outline

Identify the main points and list them down; identify supporting ideas raised by the writer

Critical Reading Technique: Summarize

Capture the main points in your own words; read the entire text carefully; underline key points; identify who, what, when, where, why, how; rewrite in your own words; stick to main points; keep it short and clear

Critical Reading Technique: Evaluate

Most challenging part; uses techniques from annotation, outlining, and summarizing

Pre-Writing Process

Figure out relationships of ideas to identify unified themes

Pre-Writing Process

Use graphic representation (charts, maps, arrows, tables) to show idea relationships; separate main topics from supporting ones

Pre-Writing Process

Examine mapped ideas; identify broad/general vs. specific ideas

Pre-Writing Process

Pinpoint one interesting topic

Pre-Writing Process

Understand purpose of writing; pinpoint goal (inform, describe, persuade, entertain)

Pre-Writing Process

Consider your audience

Freewriting

Writing thoughts quickly without worrying about form, style, or grammar; produces ideas to develop later

Brainstorming

Gather ideas and perspectives to explore topic; allows variety of concepts

Clustering/Mapping

Visually organize and group information; explore relationships between ideas

Writing Process: Organizing

Find connections between points; establish links from one idea to another; organize ideas logically

Logical Order

Sequence or arrangement of ideas for easy understanding

Introduction

Identify topic/purpose; orient readers; thesis statement

Body

Several paragraphs; provide detailed information; include examples, statistics, graphs, charts, tables; analyze evidence

Conclusion

Restate thesis; include final insights and recommendations; summarize main points

Plagiarism

Deliberately copying someone’s work and claiming it as your own; using others’ ideas without proper citation; copying text without paraphrasing

Paraphrasing

Restate someone’s idea in your own words while maintaining original meaning; avoids plagiarism

Post-Writing Process: Revising

Fixing and organizing ideas

Post-Writing Process: Editing

Correct grammar, punctuation, spelling

Donald Murray (2005)

“Writing is revising.”

Ellen Goodman

“It’s like cleaning the house, getting rid of all the junk, getting things in order, tightening up.”