Chapter 14

What are the two main types of immune systems discussed in the lecture?

Innate immune system and adaptive immune system.

What describes the response of the Innate Immune System?

Non-specific and quick response, with no memory of previous infections.

What are the components of the Innate Immune System?

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, and cells like neutrophils and macrophages.

What distinguishes the Adaptive Immune System from the Innate Immune System?

It is specific and involves recognition of specific pathogens via antigens.

What is the role of memory cells in the Adaptive Immune System?

They provide a faster response to future exposures to the same pathogen.

How do dendritic cells and macrophages function in the immune response?

They present antigens to T cells, linking the innate and adaptive immune systems.

What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

Molecules on microbes recognized by the innate immune system.

Name one example of a PAMP recognized by the Innate Immune System.

Lipopolysaccharides found on Gram-negative bacteria.

What are some roles of antimicrobial substances in the Innate Immune System?

They help break down bacterial cell walls, inhibit bacterial growth, and disrupt microbial membranes.

What is the process of phagocytosis?

The engulfing and destruction of pathogens by immune cells.

What is a granuloma?

A structure formed by macrophages and T cells to isolate persistent pathogens.

What role do cytokines play in the immune response?

They serve as signaling molecules that coordinate immune responses.

What are the main components of the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymphatic vessels.

What triggers the complement system activation?

The classical pathway is triggered by antigen-antibody complexes, while the alternative and lectin pathways are activated by microbial surfaces.

What is the function of interferons in viral defense?

They warn neighboring cells of viral infection and promote the expression of antiviral proteins.

What is iron sequestration in the context of the immune response?

The immune system limits free iron to starve pathogens and prevent microbial growth.

What are antimicrobial peptides?

Small peptides that exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against various pathogens.