exam 6 class qs fixed

Biking Capital of the World “Venice of the North” very tolerant

Amsterdam

Amsterdam Jewish Quarter

one of the oldest, wealthiest, safest communities for Jews in Europe, ~500 years old, inhabited by bankers, scholars, translators, Optics, & engineers

Baruch Spinoza

natural philosopher who advocated rationalism in Jewish religious doctrine at the time, and was adopted by Christian theologians afterwards. Excommunicated by Jewish Community

Cornelius Vanderbilt

most famous American Banker, Dutch heritage

usury

charging one to use one’s money

Dutch East India Company colonies

Batavia, Cape Colony, Sri Lanka

artist who made girl with pearl earring, dutch

Vermeer

dutch painter

Rembrandt

Peter Paul Rubens

dynamic paintings, always showcases one character looking straight at the camera, to represent himself

starry night

van gogh

the hague

international court of justice in the netherlands

Productive class

land owning gentry who produced more food from their land, gained power to advocate for constitutional monarchy, possessed influence

main port cities involved in the Indian Ocean trade

zanzibar, canton, mogadishu, ormuz

monsoon winds

determined direction of ships in indian ocean trade

Monsoon Marketplace

indian ocean trade

swahili coast

coast on africa; exported timber, ivory, spices, gold

srivijaya

trading city on the strait of malacca

astrolabe

navigational tool to determine latitude

bulk goods indian ocean trade

became more available

lateen sail

triangular sail used in dhows; indian ocean trade

2 most significant ports in china

macao & canton

Mercantilist attitude

Colonies & trading (surpluses!) was to benefit mother country Colonies to provide raw materials to the home state;  home state could  generate products;  colonies expected to purchase products

French/Indian War

left british in debt

british acts that led to revolution

stamp act, townshend acts (taxed tea, paper, paint, lead, glass), boston massacre, intolerable acts (closed port of boston, quartered troops)

american revolution events

boston tea party, sons of liberty (attacked tax collectors),

colonial organization events + revolution

First Continental Congress, Olive Branch Petition, Second Continental Congress, Declaration of Independence, War for Independence, Articles of Confederation

Constitutional convention branches

Legislative, Executive, Judicial branches (montesqieu)

Marie Antoinette (3)

austrian queen, daughter of maria teresa, married louis xvi to end hostilities with france

tithe

tax which the clergy collects

nobles of the race nobles of the sword nobles of the robe

nobles by blood nobles by military service nobles by payment

bourgeoisie

middle class (merchants, manufacturers, city workers, peasants, etc.)

bastille

prison stormed during french revolution, full of weapons, symbolic of the revolution

estates general

meeting held by louis xvi, resulted in no change

voting by order

one vote per estate

tennis court oath

french peasants went to a nearby tennis court, swore to never stop meeting until making a constitution

the great fear

event in 1789, fear of robbers, citizens armed themselves

the march on versailles

thousands of women later joined by 20,000 men demanded the royal family to come out so they could be regulated

national assembly reforms

end of old customs (nobles are now taxed)

declaration of the rights of man

Protection of personal property Equality of all citizens Democratic principles (locke principles)

Conservatives Moderates Radicals

supported limited monarchy, few government changes supported constitutional monarchy, some government changes opposed monarchy, sweeping government changes

jacobins

members of jacobin club, under robespierre, revolutionaries, radical

national motto of french

liberte, egalite, fraternitie

reign of terror

led by robespierre, committee of public safety, law of suspects, 20,000-40,000 died

impact of french revolution (3) in france

no monarchy, more democracy, patriotism

the directory

wealthy, educated committee who ruled before napoleon, very corrupt

robert turgot

controller general

Institutional discrimination

estates general, 1st and 2nd estate had more power than third

Absolute Monarchy

government in which one person has all the power

National Assembly

constitutional acts were passed

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

french government gained control over catholic church

Feudal Privileges

during feudalism, nobles could be knights & gain land in exchange for service

guillotine

“enlightened” form of execution

republic

elect people to represent you

revolutionary calendar

exemplary of radical revolutionary behavior

Napoleon

“small guy” many military victories in europe created consuls; became first consul dictator failed to invade russia (winter, most troops died) exiled to elba, returned exiled to st helena after battle of waterloo

coup d’etat

seizure of power

continental system (napoleon)

blockade/closing ports between Great Britain and continental Europe - designed to hurt Great Britain, but was considered largely ineffective and developed discontent

revolution meaning

change

napoleonic code

set of french laws heavily influenced by enlightenment and revolutionary ideas; all male citizens are equal

spanish ulcer

napoleon assigned his half brother to rule spain; the region lost france a lot of money

quadruple alliance

britain, russia, prussia, austria allied to defeat france during napoleon era

nationalism

large factor in french rev.

congress of vienna

objective was to establish order, balance power, develop a peace treaty

5 major participants in the congress of vienna

czar alexander i (russia, green) frederick william iii (prussia, prussian blue) lord castlereagh (english, red) charles talleyrand (french, blue) prince metternich (austria, red)

figure who survived reign of terror, louis xvi reign, napoleonic conquest

charles talleyrand

switzerland in congress of vienna

promised independence

metternich system

conservatism suppress democracy & nationalism balance of power

top musicians who write music for all occasions for whatever market will hire them

composers

patronage

nobles and royals financed master musicians to compose music for any occasions and that meant the composer had to fit his music to the tastes of the elite.

Pastoralism

countryside, nomadic living

beethoven influential piece

eroica symphony

importance of cellos

used when musicians have something important to say

musician who worked for the bavarian king

richard wagner

total art work

gesamtkunstwerk

Pax Britannica

(1815-1914) Relative peace in Britain, no major wars

(end of napoleon wars: 1815), (beginning of wwi: 1914)

causes for the industrial revolution beginning in england

1. agricultural revolution in england

2. geography- island nation, resources, unaffected by napoleon, harbors for trade

3. money (slave trade)

4. oversea colonies supply materials

5. stable government

6. society

7. transportation & communication

   1. consumer class (capacity to buy manufactured products; mass leisure culture)

crystal palace

feat of architecture in britain; symbol of progress

forms of british communication (3)

1. transatlantic cable

2. telephone/telegraph

3. newspapers

forms of british transportation (3)

1. railroads

2. steamships

   1. first automobiles

first car exclusively for the wealthy

Benz (Germany)

Henry Ford

perfected assembly line for car production in the US

JD Rockefeller

Standard Oil owner, lowered prices, owned 80% of American oil production

monopolies

exclusive control over a good/service

cartel

agreement between business to agree to fixed prices & limit competition

commercial imperialism

idea that business became used a weapon in foreign policy (ie: the Continental System)

Dollar Diplomacy

the practice of the US loaning money to foreign countries for influence, sale of American goods overseas

new sciences in the industrial revolution (4)

1. Bacteriology

2. Radiology

3. Anthropology

4. Psychology

Physiocrats beliefs (branch of Laissez-Faire)

1. No government intervention, no restrictions

   1. Allow natural laws to take place

“Laissez-Faire”

"let it happen”

Adam Smith

Laissez-Faire, Wealth of Nations, individuals act in self-interest, industrialist profits pay workers

Thomas Malthus

Laissez-Faire, Essay on Population, population grows faster than food supply, disease, disasters, & famine are necessary, no government help

malthusian trap

idea that was population grows, there will not be enough food to feed everyone

David Ricardo

Laissez-Faire, Iron Law of Wages cycle

1. low wages → less kids → shortage of workers → high wages → more kids → surplus of workers → low wages

Liberal Reformers

Supported existence of a government, individual freedom, capitalism, unionization for better wages & conditions

Jeremy Bentham

Liberal Reformer, believed in no government involvement unless the actions of a few bring misery to many

John Stuart Mill

Liberal Reformer, proposed reforms, the right to vote, better education, unionization

Bourgeosie

Middle Class

Proletariat

Working Class

Capitalism

Means of production are privately owned

Socialism

Means of production are owned by workers or the state (a state, if existing, is created to benefit the people)