exam 6 class qs fixed

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107 Terms

1

Biking Capital of the World “Venice of the North” very tolerant

Amsterdam

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2

Amsterdam Jewish Quarter

one of the oldest, wealthiest, safest communities for Jews in Europe, ~500 years old, inhabited by bankers, scholars, translators, Optics, & engineers

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3

Baruch Spinoza

natural philosopher who advocated rationalism in Jewish religious doctrine at the time, and was adopted by Christian theologians afterwards. Excommunicated by Jewish Community

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4

Cornelius Vanderbilt

most famous American Banker, Dutch heritage

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5

usury

charging one to use one’s money

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6

Dutch East India Company colonies

Batavia, Cape Colony, Sri Lanka

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7

artist who made girl with pearl earring, dutch

Vermeer

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8

dutch painter

Rembrandt

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9

Peter Paul Rubens

dynamic paintings, always showcases one character looking straight at the camera, to represent himself

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10

starry night

van gogh

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11

the hague

international court of justice in the netherlands

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12

Productive class

land owning gentry who produced more food from their land, gained power to advocate for constitutional monarchy, possessed influence

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13

main port cities involved in the Indian Ocean trade

zanzibar, canton, mogadishu, ormuz

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14

monsoon winds

determined direction of ships in indian ocean trade

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15

Monsoon Marketplace

indian ocean trade

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16

swahili coast

coast on africa; exported timber, ivory, spices, gold

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17

srivijaya

trading city on the strait of malacca

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18

astrolabe

navigational tool to determine latitude

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19

bulk goods indian ocean trade

became more available

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20

lateen sail

triangular sail used in dhows; indian ocean trade

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21

2 most significant ports in china

macao & canton

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22

Mercantilist attitude

Colonies & trading (surpluses!) was to benefit mother country Colonies to provide raw materials to the home state;  home state could  generate products;  colonies expected to purchase products

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23

French/Indian War

left british in debt

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24

british acts that led to revolution

stamp act, townshend acts (taxed tea, paper, paint, lead, glass), boston massacre, intolerable acts (closed port of boston, quartered troops)

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25

american revolution events

boston tea party, sons of liberty (attacked tax collectors),

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26

colonial organization events + revolution

First Continental Congress, Olive Branch Petition, Second Continental Congress, Declaration of Independence, War for Independence, Articles of Confederation

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27

Constitutional convention branches

Legislative, Executive, Judicial branches (montesqieu)

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28

Marie Antoinette (3)

austrian queen, daughter of maria teresa, married louis xvi to end hostilities with france

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29

tithe

tax which the clergy collects

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30

nobles of the race nobles of the sword nobles of the robe

nobles by blood nobles by military service nobles by payment

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31

bourgeoisie

middle class (merchants, manufacturers, city workers, peasants, etc.)

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32

bastille

prison stormed during french revolution, full of weapons, symbolic of the revolution

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33

estates general

meeting held by louis xvi, resulted in no change

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34

voting by order

one vote per estate

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35

tennis court oath

french peasants went to a nearby tennis court, swore to never stop meeting until making a constitution

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36

the great fear

event in 1789, fear of robbers, citizens armed themselves

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37

the march on versailles

thousands of women later joined by 20,000 men demanded the royal family to come out so they could be regulated

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38

national assembly reforms

end of old customs (nobles are now taxed)

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39

declaration of the rights of man

Protection of personal property Equality of all citizens Democratic principles (locke principles)

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40

Conservatives Moderates Radicals

supported limited monarchy, few government changes supported constitutional monarchy, some government changes opposed monarchy, sweeping government changes

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41

jacobins

members of jacobin club, under robespierre, revolutionaries, radical

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42

national motto of french

liberte, egalite, fraternitie

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43

reign of terror

led by robespierre, committee of public safety, law of suspects, 20,000-40,000 died

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44

impact of french revolution (3) in france

no monarchy, more democracy, patriotism

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45

the directory

wealthy, educated committee who ruled before napoleon, very corrupt

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46

robert turgot

controller general

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47

Institutional discrimination

estates general, 1st and 2nd estate had more power than third

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48

Absolute Monarchy

government in which one person has all the power

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49

National Assembly

constitutional acts were passed

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50

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

french government gained control over catholic church

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51

Feudal Privileges

during feudalism, nobles could be knights & gain land in exchange for service

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52

guillotine

“enlightened” form of execution

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53

republic

elect people to represent you

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54

revolutionary calendar

exemplary of radical revolutionary behavior

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55

Napoleon

“small guy” many military victories in europe created consuls; became first consul dictator failed to invade russia (winter, most troops died) exiled to elba, returned exiled to st helena after battle of waterloo

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56

coup d’etat

seizure of power

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57

continental system (napoleon)

blockade/closing ports between Great Britain and continental Europe - designed to hurt Great Britain, but was considered largely ineffective and developed discontent

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58

revolution meaning

change

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59

napoleonic code

set of french laws heavily influenced by enlightenment and revolutionary ideas; all male citizens are equal

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60

spanish ulcer

napoleon assigned his half brother to rule spain; the region lost france a lot of money

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61

quadruple alliance

britain, russia, prussia, austria allied to defeat france during napoleon era

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62

nationalism

large factor in french rev.

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63

congress of vienna

objective was to establish order, balance power, develop a peace treaty

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64

5 major participants in the congress of vienna

czar alexander i (russia, green) frederick william iii (prussia, prussian blue) lord castlereagh (english, red) charles talleyrand (french, blue) prince metternich (austria, red)

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65

figure who survived reign of terror, louis xvi reign, napoleonic conquest

charles talleyrand

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66

switzerland in congress of vienna

promised independence

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67

metternich system

conservatism suppress democracy & nationalism balance of power

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68

top musicians who write music for all occasions for whatever market will hire them

composers

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69

patronage

nobles and royals financed master musicians to compose music for any occasions and that meant the composer had to fit his music to the tastes of the elite.

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70

Pastoralism

countryside, nomadic living

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71

beethoven influential piece

eroica symphony

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72

importance of cellos

used when musicians have something important to say

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73

musician who worked for the bavarian king

richard wagner

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74

total art work

gesamtkunstwerk

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75

Pax Britannica

(1815-1914) Relative peace in Britain, no major wars

(end of napoleon wars: 1815), (beginning of wwi: 1914)

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76

causes for the industrial revolution beginning in england

  1. agricultural revolution in england

  2. geography- island nation, resources, unaffected by napoleon, harbors for trade

  3. money (slave trade)

  4. oversea colonies supply materials

  5. stable government

  6. society

  7. transportation & communication

    1. consumer class (capacity to buy manufactured products; mass leisure culture)

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77

crystal palace

feat of architecture in britain; symbol of progress

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78

forms of british communication (3)

  1. transatlantic cable

  2. telephone/telegraph

  3. newspapers

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79

forms of british transportation (3)

  1. railroads

  2. steamships

    1. first automobiles

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80

first car exclusively for the wealthy

Benz (Germany)

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81

Henry Ford

perfected assembly line for car production in the US

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82

JD Rockefeller

Standard Oil owner, lowered prices, owned 80% of American oil production

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83

monopolies

exclusive control over a good/service

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84

cartel

agreement between business to agree to fixed prices & limit competition

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85

commercial imperialism

idea that business became used a weapon in foreign policy (ie: the Continental System)

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86

Dollar Diplomacy

the practice of the US loaning money to foreign countries for influence, sale of American goods overseas

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87

new sciences in the industrial revolution (4)

  1. Bacteriology

  2. Radiology

  3. Anthropology

  4. Psychology

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88

Physiocrats beliefs (branch of Laissez-Faire)

  1. No government intervention, no restrictions

    1. Allow natural laws to take place

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89

“Laissez-Faire”

"let it happen”

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90

Adam Smith

Laissez-Faire, Wealth of Nations, individuals act in self-interest, industrialist profits pay workers

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91

Thomas Malthus

Laissez-Faire, Essay on Population, population grows faster than food supply, disease, disasters, & famine are necessary, no government help

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92

malthusian trap

idea that was population grows, there will not be enough food to feed everyone

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93

David Ricardo

Laissez-Faire, Iron Law of Wages cycle

  1. low wages → less kids → shortage of workers → high wages → more kids → surplus of workers → low wages

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94

Liberal Reformers

Supported existence of a government, individual freedom, capitalism, unionization for better wages & conditions

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95

Jeremy Bentham

Liberal Reformer, believed in no government involvement unless the actions of a few bring misery to many

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96

John Stuart Mill

Liberal Reformer, proposed reforms, the right to vote, better education, unionization

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97

Bourgeosie

Middle Class

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98

Proletariat

Working Class

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99

Capitalism

Means of production are privately owned

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100

Socialism

Means of production are owned by workers or the state (a state, if existing, is created to benefit the people)

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