Science and Mathematics Comprehensive Review

A comprehensive collection of vocabulary flashcards derived from lecture notes covering biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

Mitochondria

The organelle known as the powerhouse of the cell; it contains its own DNA.

O negative

The blood group known as the universal donor.

Oxygen

The gas released during photosynthesis and the element essential for breathing.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The full name for the abbreviation DNA.

Vitamin D

The vitamin produced in the skin when exposed to sunlight.

Xylem

The part of the plant responsible for transporting water.

White blood cells

Blood cells that fight infections.

Fungi

The biological kingdom to which mushrooms belong.

Four

The number of chambers in the human heart.

Kidney

The organ that filters blood to produce urine.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment in leaves that facilitates photosynthesis.

Newton

The SI unit of force, abbreviated as $N$.

Scalar

The type of physical quantity that speed represents (having magnitude but no direction).

Isaac Newton

The scientist who formulated the three laws of motion.

$$3 \times 10^8\,m/s$$

The speed of light in a vacuum.

Red

The visible light color with the longest wavelength.

Ampere

The SI unit of electric current, abbreviated as $A$.

Ammeter

A device used to measure electric current.

Convex mirror

The type of mirror used in vehicle rear-view mirrors; it always forms a virtual, erect, and diminished image.

Elastic potential energy

The form of energy stored in a stretched rubber band.

Watt

The SI unit of power, abbreviated as $W$, also equivalent to one joule per second.

Violet

The visible light color that deviates the most in a prism and has the highest frequency and shortest wavelength.

Archimedes' Principle

The physical law that explains why objects float in a fluid.

Carbon

The element with an atomic number of $6$.

$$H_2O$$

The chemical formula for water.

$$7$$

The pH value of pure water, representing neutrality.

Carbon dioxide

The gas that turns limewater milky and is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis.

Acetic acid

The specific acid present in vinegar.

Sodium chloride

The chemical name for common salt.

Au

The chemical symbol for gold.

Mercury

The only metal that remains liquid at room temperature.

Helium

The lightest noble gas, used to fill balloons safely.

Potassium

The element represented by the symbol $K$, which reacts vigorously with cold water.

Hydrogen

The gas evolved when zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid and the most abundant gas in the Sun.

$$\pi$$

The mathematical constant approximately equal to $3.1416$.

$$180^\circ$$

The sum of the interior angles in any triangle.

$$\frac{1}{2}$$

The probability of getting a head when tossing a fair coin.

$$\pi r^2$$

The formula for calculating the area of a circle.

$$120$$

The value of the factorial $5!$.

Pulmonary vein

The blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Insulin

The hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose levels.

Cerebellum

The part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney.

Platelets

Blood cells that assist in the process of blood clotting.

Monera

The kingdom that includes bacteria.

Skin

The largest organ in the human body.

Mitosis

The biological process that produces identical daughter cells.

Vitamin C

The vitamin also known as ascorbic acid.

Nitrogen

The most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere.

Pascal

The SI unit of pressure, abbreviated as $Pa$.

$$9.8\,m/s^2$$

The value of acceleration due to gravity on Earth.

Ohm

The SI unit of electrical resistance, abbreviated as $\Omega$.

Barometer

An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Ohm's Law

The law that relates voltage, current, and resistance ($V = I \times R$).

Electromagnetic waves

The type of wave capable of traveling through a vacuum.

$$kg\,m/s$$

The SI unit of momentum.

Rayleigh scattering

The phenomenon that explains why the sky appears blue.

Michael Faraday

The scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction.

$$-273.15^\circ\text{C}$$

The value of absolute zero on the Celsius scale.

Sodium

The element with atomic number $11$, commonly stored in kerosene to prevent reaction.

Fluorine

The element with the highest electronegativity.

Lithium

The lightest known metal.

$$CaOCl_2$$

The chemical formula for bleaching powder.

Graphite

A form of carbon used in pencil "lead" and a non-metal that is a good conductor of electricity.

Galvanization

The process of coating iron with zinc to prevent rusting.

Citric acid

The acid found in lemons.

$$720^\circ$$

The sum of the interior angles of a hexagon.

Pythagoras' Theorem

The theorem relating the sides of a right-angled triangle ($a^2 + b^2 = c^2$).

Venus

The only major planet in the Solar System that rotates clockwise.

Ganymede

The largest moon in the Solar System.

C. V. Raman

The Indian scientist awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

ISRO

The abbreviation for the Indian Space Research Organisation.

Lysosome

The organelle responsible for intracellular digestion.

Aorta

The blood vessel with the highest blood pressure.

Left ventricle

The heart chamber characterized by the thickest muscular wall.

Uracil

The nitrogenous base present in RNA but absent in DNA.

Meiosis

The process that produces four genetically different daughter cells.

Homo sapiens

The scientific name for humans.

Pituitary gland

The endocrine gland known as the "master gland".

Haemoglobin

The pigment in human blood that carries oxygen.

Salivary amylase

The enzyme in saliva, also called ptyalin, that begins starch digestion.

AB positive

The blood group known as the universal recipient.

Ribosomes

The organelles where protein synthesis occurs.

Vitamin K

The vitamin essential for blood clotting.

Coulomb

The SI unit of electric charge, abbreviated as $C$.

Pascal's Law

The law stating that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.

$$11.2\,km/s$$

The escape velocity required to leave Earth.

Gamma rays

Electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelength.

Voltmeter

An instrument used to measure electric potential difference.

Albert A. Michelson

The scientist credited with first measuring the speed of light accurately.

Concave lens

The type of lens used to correct myopia (nearsightedness).

Refraction

The phenomenon causing a pencil to appear bent when partially submerged in water.

Newton's Third Law

The law of motion that explains the recoil of a gun.

Tungsten

The element with the highest melting point, represented by the chemical symbol $W$.

Haber process

The industrial process used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.

Formic acid

The acid present in ant stings.

Aluminium

The metal commercially extracted from bauxite ore.

Sulfur dioxide

The gas, denoted as $SO_2$, mainly responsible for acid rain.

Carbon-14

The isotope commonly used in radiocarbon dating to determine the age of fossils.

Nitrous oxide

The gas, denoted as $N_2O$, commonly known as laughing gas.