Green Plants

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that produce energy from light.

Chlorophytes

Microscopic green algae, never colonized land.

Volvox

Colonial chlorophyte forming hollow spheres.

Ulva

Multicellular chlorophyte with identical gametophyte and sporophyte.

Charophytes

Sister group to land plants, close phylogenetic relationship.

Haplodiplontic

Life cycle with multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

Sporophyte

Multicellular, diploid stage producing spores.

Gametophyte

Multicellular, haploid stage producing gametes.

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants with tracheids for water transport.

Xylem

Vascular tissue transporting water from roots.

Phloem

Vascular tissue transporting carbohydrates from leaves.

Euphylls

True leaves with multiple branching veins.

Lycophylls

Leaves with a single vein, found in lycophytes.

Bryophytes

seedless, nonvascular plants

Hepaticophyta

Liverworts with flattened gametophytes resembling lobes.

Bryophyta

True mosses with leaf-like structures.

Anthocerotophyta

Hornworts with embedded sporophytes in gametophyte tissue.

Cooksonia

First vascular land plant, appeared around 420 MYA.

Homosporous

Produces one type of spore developing into bisexual gametophyte.

Gymnosperms

Seed plants with naked seeds, lacking flowers.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants with ovules enclosed in tissue.

Double Fertilization

A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.

Pollination

Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

Petal

Flower part attracting pollinators.

Sepal

Outermost flower part protecting before blooming.

Anther

Pollen-producing structure atop the filament.

Stamen

Male reproductive structure, includes anther and filament.

Pistil

Female flower organs including stigma, style, ovary.

Carpel

Female structure covering seeds which develops into fruit.

Pedicel

single stalk that supports the flower

Lycophyta

club mosses, lack seeds and roots

Whorl

circular arrangement of three or more similar plant parts

receptacle

The base of a flower; the part of the stem where all flower parts join

filament

the stalk attached to male part for support

Stigma

The top of the female part of the flower which collects pollen grains

Style

neck or stalk of a flower

Ovary/Ovule

swollen bottom of mid stalk, megasporangium, where the seed develops.

Megasporangium

a plant structure that produces megaspores, female part of plants

Microsporangium

A spore-producing structure that produces microspores, male part of a plant

Cycadophyta

cycads, slow growing and tropical with the largest sperm off all organisms

Gnetophyta

desert plants including Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia

ginkgophyta

Ginkgo, fan-shaped leaf, only 1 surviving species

Coniferophyta

conifers, like spruce and pine, which produce cones

bryophytes gametophyte vs sporophyte

only group which is gametophyte dominant

seedless vascular plants

have independent sporophytes and gametophytes

gymnosperm + angiosperm gametophyte vs sporophyte

dominant sporophyte, microscopic gametophyte

Viridiplantae

phylum of green algae and land plants

Pterophytes

Group of seedless plants that includes ferns, horsetails and whisk ferns

Equisetophyta

horsetails, contain silica which grind down herbivore teeth so has few predators

Sori

clusters of sporangia (reproductive) located on the underside of ferns leaves

Endosperm

In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei (3n) during double fertilization

mosses

among the bryophytes, what contains a distinct stem-like axis, small leaves, and rootlike rhizoids?

photosynthetic sporophytes

hornworts differ from mosses and liverworts because they contain

ferns

the most abundant group of seedless tracheophyte plants

Their sporophytes are much smaller than the gametophytes

which of the following is NOT true about ferns