DEVPSYCH (LESSON 3)

Parturition

Process of uterine, cervical, and other changes, usually lasting about two weeks, preceding childbirth.

Electronic Fetal Monitoring

Mechanical monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and delivery.

Cesarean Delivery

Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus.

Natural Childbirth

Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother’s fear through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in breathing and relaxation during delivery.

Prepared Childbirth

Method of childbirth that uses instruction, breathing exercises and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.

The Neonatal Period

The first four weeks of life

Neonate

New born baby, up to 4 weeks old.

Anoxia

Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage

Neonatal Jaundice

Condition, in many newborn babies, caused by immaturity of liver and evidenced by yellowish appearance

APGAR Scale

Standard measurement of a newborn’s condition; it assess appearance, pulse, grimace, activity and respiration.

Appearance (color)

Pulse (heart rate)

Grimace (reflex irritability)

Activity (muscle tone)

Respiration (breathing)

APGAR stands for _____

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

Neurological and behavioral test to measure neonate’s responses to the environment.

State of Arousal

An infant’s physiological and behavioral status at a given moment in the periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity.

Complications of Childbirth

Some are born prematurely or very small, some remain in the womb too long, and some are born dead or die soon after birth.

Preterm (premature) Infants

Infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation.

Small-for-date Infants

Infants whose birth weight is less than that of 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.

Low Birth Weight

Weight of less than 5 ½ pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of prematurity or being small for date.

Kangaroo Care

Method of skin-to-skin contact in which a newborn is laid face down between the mother’s breasts for an hour or so at a time after birth.

Postmature

Referring to a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period.

Stillbirth

Death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation.

Protective Factors

Influences that reduce the impact of potentially negative influences and tend to predict positive outcomes.

Protective Factors

which tended to reduce the impact of early stress

Death during Infancy

8 million infants die each year before their first birthday.

Preterm delivery

Primary causes of neonatal death worldwide are ______

Birth Defects

The leading cause of infant deaths in the United States

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant

Cephalocaudal Principle

Proximodistal Principle

2 Principles of Development

Cephalocaudal Principle

Growth occurs from the top down.

Proximodistal Principle (inner to outer)

Growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward.

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Lateralization

Tendency of each of the brain’s hemispheres to have specialized functions.

Brain Cells

Brain is composed of neurons and glial cells

Integration

Process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups

Differentiation

Process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions

Cell Death

Normal elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more efficient functioning.

Reflex Behaviors

Automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation.

Reflex Behaviors

Controlled by the lower brain centers that govern other involuntary processess, such as breathing and heart rate.

Moro

Darwinian

Tonic neck

Babkin

Babinski

Rooting

Walking

Swimming

8 Early Human Reflexes

Early Sensory Capacities

Rearward regions of the developing brain, which control sensory information.

Touch and Pain

Smell and Taste

Hearing

Sight Vision

4 Early Sensory Capacities

Touch and Pain

First sense to develop, and for the first several months it is the most mature sensory system.

Smell and Taste

Begin to develop in the womb

Hearing

Sensory information that is functional before birth

Sight Vision

Least developed sense at birth, perhaps because there is so little to see in the womb.

Systems of Action

Increasingly complex combinations of motor skills, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment

Denver Developmental Screening Test

Screening test given to children 1 month to 6 years old to determine whether they are developing normal

Gross Motor Skills

Physical skills that involve the large muscles

Fine Motor Skills

Physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.

Head Control

Most infants can turn their heads from side to side while lying on their backs

Hand Control

Babies are born with a grasping reflex

Locomotion

The average infants begins to roll over deliberately first from front to back and then from back to front

Visual Guidance

Use of the eyes to guide movements of the hands or other parts of the body

Theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson — Eleanor and James Gibson’s Ecological Theory of Perception

Describes developing motor and perceptual abilities as interdependent parts of a functional systen that guides behavior in varying contexts.

Visual Cliff Apparatus

Designed to give an illusion of depth and used to assess depth perception in infants