BIOL Unit 2- things I don't know

molecule

combination of elements

organic molecule

molecule with covalent bonds, C-H, larger, associated with living organisms

Inorganic molecule

ionic bonds, no C-H, smaller, associated with nonliving organisms 

polar bonds

bonds that have unequal electron sharing, hydrophilic, cause: variance in electronegativity 

nonpolar bonds

bonds that have equal electron sharing, hydrophobic

hydroxyl group

functional group that is polar/hydrophilic (-OH) Found in alcohols and sugars

carbonyl group

functional group that is polar/hydrophilic (>C==O) with a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, often found in sugars and ketones.

carboxyl group

functional group that is polar/hydrophilic (-COOH) and contains both a carbonyl and a hydroxyl group.

amino group

functional group that is polar/hydrophilic (-NH2) and acts as a base by accepting protons; it is a key component of amino acids.

phosphate group

functional group that is polar/hydrophilic (-OPO3 2-) and contains a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, playing a crucial role in energy transfer through ATP.

methyl group

functional group that is nonpolar/hydrophobic (-CH3) commonly found in lipids, oils, and certain amino acids

monomers obtained through:

hydrolysis (breaking down polymers)

polymers obtained through:

dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

Water removed, new bond formed, enzyme required

hydrolysis

Water added, enzyme required

levels of biological organization

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism 

characteristics of life

Order, reproduction, growth/development, energy processing, regulation, response to environment, evolutionary adaptation 

structures present in all cells

Cell/plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes 

prokaryotic features

cells that are smaller, no membrane bound compartments 

eukaryotic features

larger, membrane bound internal compartments 

organelles in plant cells only

chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesma

organells in animal cells only

centriole, lysosome

protein functions

Motion, cell regulation, metabolism, DNA expression 

globular protein characteristics

compact, usually water soluble, more sensitive, complex secondary structure 

fibrous protein characteristics

simple secondary structure, strong (less sensitive), usually not water soluble 

conditions for when denaturation is reversible

if protein can refold  

conditions for when denaturation is irreversible

if structure is permanently disrupted 

attachment protein

support, attaches to cytoskeleton 

receptor protein

binds to signaling molecules 

channel proteins

transport proteins, allow which ones enter/exit

junction proteins

attach to adjacent cells, intercellular joining 

glycoprotein

ID tags, cell to cell recognition 

enzyme

speeds up reactions 

tight junctions

between 2 membranes (water tight) 

anchoring junctions

in tissues (cytoskeleton to ecm) 

gap junctions

connects cytoplasm to adjacent cells 

signal transduction pathway steps

Signaling molecule formed, molecule binds to receptor, relay proteins start, last relay protein activates transcription factor (gene expression), translation carried out 

monosaccharide

simple sugar, quick energy 

disaccharide

2 monosaccharides from dehydration 

polysaccharide

hundreds/thousands of monosaccharides, long term energy 

starch

polysaccharide: plants only  

glycogen

polysaccharide: animals only, liver and muscle 

cellulose

polysaccharide: plants only, cell walls, more complex bonds 

saturated fat

animal based, solid at room temp, single bonds 

unsaturated fat

plant based, liquid at room temp, double bonds 

monomer for triglycerides

glycerol, fatty acids

monomer for phospholipid

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group 

steroid structure

6 3 sided carbon, rings + 1 5 sided carbon ring