mood disorders test 1

serotonin

responsible for making you feel happy/positive

dopamine

associated with rewards and addiction as it lights up pathways when rewards (treats, drugs, etc.) enter

amygdala

attenuates to threat

ACG

map of emotions

PFC

solve and make sense of the problem

vmPFC

essential for self-regulation and moral reasoning, influencing how individuals navigate complex social situations

hypothalamus

different from hippocampus; helps to govern all of your hormones, fight or flight, cortisol, thyroid, etc.

What regions of the brain are obliterated by a lobotomy?

vmPFC and PFC

cortex of the brain

the "peel" of the brain

glutamate

excitatory; when glutamate is released, neurons fire

GABA

inhibitory; slows firing

Types of neurotransmitters in our brain that affect mood

NE, dopamine, serotonin, iproniazid, and isoniazid, tyrosine, catecholamines

What neurotransmitter is targeted by anti-depressants?

NE (norepinephrine)

What does having more NE do?

makes the brain relaxed, makes you feel good/calm

What places does the dopamine pathway project to?

hypothalamus, pituitary gland (signals the release of hormones into the bloodstream), amygdala, hippocampus, and striatal regions

What is the NTS?

key brainstem structure relaying interoceptive peripheral information to the interrelated brain centers for eliciting rapid autonomic responses and for shaping longer-term neuroendocrine and motor patterns

What does NTS mean?

nucleus tractus solitarii

iproniazid

Iproniazid inhibits an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO).By blocking MAO, iproniazid prevents the degradation of these neurotransmitters. This increases their levels within the synaptic cleft, the tiny gap between nerve cells where chemical signals are transmitted, thus alleviating depressive symptoms

What is MAO?

MAO is responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters in the brain. These include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, which regulate mood, sleep, and emotional balance

isoniazid

Isoniazid's neuropsychiatric adverse effects led to the development of MAO inhibitors, the first class of antidepressant drugs, and the understanding of a neurobiological basis for psychiatric conditions.

to have tyrosine, what do you need to do?

have the right diet. tyrosine comes from foods.

What happens to the food that gives you tyrosine?

it is broken down into amino acids and synthesized into NTs

Where does tyrosine go?

it passes through the blood-brain barrier to be synthesized and enters neurons

what is significant about neurons?

they have special enzymes that facilitate the slight bending of molecules; changes tyrosine into DOPA

what does DOPA turn into?

dopamine

if the neuron in a vesicle is norepinephrine, what happens?

it turns into norepinephrine with an additional enzyme

exocytosis

calcium channels open up, vesicles fuse onto the synapse, and neurotransmitters are released

Can trasnsporters use excess NT that has already been made?

yes

catecholamines

Dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline are all catecholamines. The body releases catecholamines in response to emotional or physical stress.

trytophan

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid used to make proteins. Your body does not make it, so you need to get it from your diet. Foods that contain tryptophan include animal products like chicken and fish and plant foods like nuts or soy.

DA

lack of this is associated with anhedonia

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure or joy, often associated with various mental health conditions, particularly depression.

NE (norepinephrine)

lack of this is associated with psychomotor retardation

5-HT (serotonin)

lack of this is associated with obsessive sense of grief

substance p

Substance P is a neuropeptide (neurotransmitter) most known for its role in pain perception

what are SSRIs?

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, are a class of antidepressant medications commonly used to treat depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders. treat perseveration.

what is perseveration?

the repetitive and uncontrollable continuation of a thought, behavior, or response, even when it is no longer appropriate or relevant.

Hashimoto's disease

autoimmune disease

what percent of people diagnosed with depression have hyperthyroidism?

20%

estrogen

Estrogen is a sex hormone that affects many systems in the body, including the reproductive system, bones, skin, and brain.

progesterone

Progesterone is a hormone that plays an important role in your reproductive system. Hormones are chemical messengers that tell your body how to work. In females, progesterone supports menstruation and helps maintain the early stages of a pregnancy.

what happens when levels of progesterone and estrogen drop?

levels of NT drop

cortisol

It works with certain parts of your brain to control your mood, motivation, and fear. Your adrenal glands -- triangle-shaped organs at the top of your kidneys -- make cortisol. gets you up in the morning.

hydrocortisone

Hydrocortisone is a steroid medication that works by decreasing inflammation and suppressing an overactive immune system.

glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids that play a crucial role in reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system, making them essential in treating various medical conditions.

Neolithic time

lack of separation between the mind and the body; universe and the individual; treatment for mental disorder was subtractive

Trepanation

Was probably carried out to "liberate" demons and bad spirits; If there is a build up of fluid around the brain, there is reason to use this surgery today

Divination "Dragon" bones

You were not in control of yourself, you were prone to outside forces; Fire was used on the bone to crack it and allow for a reading

Book of the Dead

They believed the heart was the part that recorded all of your deeds; The lighter the heart, the calmer and fuller of good deeds your life was

Pythagoras

Biological humors would regulate the changes that were occurring in the different parts of the body; reason, impulse, intelligence/emotion; your heart is your emotions reacting

Confucious

believed that disorder of mood stemmed from physiological imbalances of element; fire, earth, metal, water, wood

Jean-Paul Sartre

humans were seeking meaning in a world that was often times meaningless and objective as opposed to an imperfect thing in an ordered world created by God; led to talk therapy

Hippocrates

father of medicine; Choleric- yellow, melancholic-black, sanguine- blood, and phlegmatic- phlegm

lithium

used to stabilize moods; psychosis; it calms people down

Plato & Aristotle (Socrates)

Notion that mental health was a personal responsibility based in self-analysis; Idea of rational higher intelligence fighting lower irrational animalistic urges stemmed from Greek philosophy; heart was the seat of thoughts and emotions

Ancient Rome

Romans believed mood disorders were the result of clogged pores and could be cured by bloodletting;Laxum-yielding

Strictum-strict rules

Mixum-confused

St. Mary of Bethlehem 1247

First institution; people could come in and visit like it were a zoo

Gutenberg Printing Press

used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation

Rene Descartes

reflexology; body was a complex machine under control of the mind

Phenomenology

Existential belief that the human was seeking meaning in a world that was often times meaningless and objective

John Fulton

Showed that you can track blood flow within the brain

Leukotome (antonio egas monix)

a hole was drilled either side of the head and a wire loop severed the connections this loop was called a...

Sigmund Freud

Differentiated between mourning and melancholia

neomammalian brain

language, abstraction, planning & perception- consists of the cerebral neocortex, a structure found uniquely in higher mammals, specifically humans

paleomammalian brain

motivation and emotion in feeding, reproductive and parental behavior. Most of the Limbic system falls into this category

reptilian brain

instinctual or dinosaur brain

Cingulotomy

Neurosurgical procedure to inactivate brain tissue areas

cingulate cortex

primary cortical component of the limbic system, involved in emotional and cognitive processing

What hormones can cause depression if there is an insufficient amount of it?

Thyroid hormones; cortisol

What three symptoms do both the international classification of diseases and DSM-V use to diagnose major depressive disorders?

Depressed mood

Loss of interest or pleasure

Decreased energy or fatigue

What is CRH and what does it do?

corticotropin releasing hormone, stimulates release of ACTH

What does ACTH do?

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

Cushing's syndrome

a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

sanguine

happy

choleric

easily angered

phlegmatic

calm and unemotional in temperament

melancholic

sad