Topic 4: Biological Molecules

Define carbohydrates.

Substances that include sugars, starch, and cellulose.

Define sugars.

Carbohydrates that have relatively small molecules; they are soluble in water and they taste sweet.

Define glucose.

A sugar that is used in respiration to release energy.

Define glycogen.

A carbohydrate that used as an energy, stored in animal cells.

Define starch.

A carbohydrate that is used as an energy, stored in plant cells.

What are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What are the elements that make up fats?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are the elements that make up proteins?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur

What are the elements that make up Lipids?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What is the enzyme for carbohydrates?

Amylase

What is the enzyme for proteins?

Protease

What is the enzyme for Lipids and fats?

Lipase

What is the product of digestion for carbohydrates?

Glucose

What is the product of digestion for proteins?

Amino Acids

What is the product of digestion for Lipids & Fats?

Fatty Acids & Glycerol

What is the test for Starch?

The sample is treated with iodine solution.

Present: Blue-black

Absent: Orange-Yellow/Brown

What is the test for Proteins?

The sample is treated with biuret solution.

Present: Lilac/Purple

Absent: Blue

What is the test for Reducing Sugars?

The sample is treated with Benedicts Solution.

Present: Green to Brick Red

Absent: Blue

What is the test for Lipids?

The sample is treated with ethanol & water.

Present: Cloudy Milky White

Absent: Clear

What is the test for Vitamin C?

The sample is treated with DCPIP solution.

Present: Clear

Absent: Dark Blue

What is the classification of simple sugars?

Monomers or Monosaccharides

What are some examples of Monosaccharides?

Glucose, Galactose, & Fructose

What are disaccharides?

They are carbohydrates that are made up of 2 monosaccharides.

What are some examples of disaccharides?

Maltose, Sucrose, and Lactose

Maltose makes what?

Malt Sugar = Glucose+Glucose

Sucrose makes what?

Fruit Sugar = Glucose+Fructose

Lactose makes what?

Milk Sugar = Glucose + Galactose

What are Nucleic acids?

They are large biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

Nucleic acids are made up of three parts. What are they?

Phosphate Group, Nitrogenous Base, Deoxyribose Sugar

What is nitrogenous base made of?

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

How does DNA exist?

As a double helix where two strands are joined together via the formation of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base.

Define a complementary base pairing.

The way which the bases of two strands of DNA pair up; A always pairs with T, and C with G.

Fully describe the biological molecule of the nutrient, Carbohydrate.

Elements: C, H, O

Enzyme: Amylase

Products of Digestion: Glucose

Fully describe the biological molecule of the nutrient, Protein.

Element: C, H, O, N, S

Enzyme: Protease

Product of Digestion: Amino Acids

Fully describe the biological molecule of the nutrient, Fats

Element: C, H, O

Enzyme: Lipase

Products of Digestion: Fatty Acids & Glycerol

Fully describe the biological molecule of the nutrient, Lipids

Elements: C, H, O, N

Enzyme: Lipase

Products of Digestion: Fatty Acids & Gylcerol