Gen Bio 4th summative Grp ppt

REPRODUCTION

Is a biological process by which

organisms produce offspring,

ensuring the continuation of their

species.

Sexual Reproduction

Involves two organisms

combining their genetic material

(sperm and egg)to produce

offspring.

Asexual Reproduction

Involves a single organism

producing offspring without

the involvement of another

organism. The offspring are

genetically identical to the

parent.

POLLINATION

pollen (which contains male reproductive cells) is transferred from the male part (anther) to the female part (stigma) of a flower.

FERTILIZATION

Once the pollen

reaches the stigma,

it travels down the

style to the ovary,

where it meets the

egg cell. This is

called ______

and it results in the

formation of a seed.

VEGETATIVE

PROPAGATION

in this process, a

part of the plant,

like the root, stem,

or leaf, grows into

a new plant

FRAGMENTATION

some animals, like

starfish or flatworms,

can regenerate parts

of their bodies. If a

part of their body

breaks off, it can grow

into a whole new

animal.

GAMETOGENESIS

(FORMATION OF GAMETES)

Spermatogenesis

In males,

_______ occurs

in the testes, producing

sperm.

oogenesis

In females, ________

occurs in the ovaries,

producing eggs (ova).

blastula

The zygote undergoes cell

division (mitosis) and

forms a ______.

Viviparous animals

give birth to live

young.

Oviparous animals

(e.g., birds,

reptiles) lay eggs that hatch

later.

Ovoviviparous animals

(e.g.,

some sharks) produce eggs

that hatch inside the mother's

body before birth.

Gemmules

Special resistant

structures containing

cells surrounded by a

protective covering.

They help the sponge

survive harsh conditions

and later develop into

new sponges.

"Penis Fencing

Two worms

"fight" to determine who will inject sperm into the other.

parthenogenesis,

where

females produce offspring

without fertilization

clitellum.

Two worms exchange sperm and store it in a

structure called the _____

Dioecious

(Separate Sexes)

appendages

Crustaceans & aquatic arthropods often transfer sperm via

specialized ______.

Fission:

can reproduce by splitting their

body into two parts, each regenerating into a

complete organism.

spawning.

Most bony fish (e.g., salmon, goldfish)

release eggs and sperm into the water, where fertilization

occurs.This is called ______.

placenta

The developing embryo is nourished by the

_______.

9 months

Pregnancy lasts about _____.

Morphogenesis

is the process of developmenmt of shape and structure of an organism

Auxonometer

is used to measure shoot length growth.

Seed Germination

the process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling.

Porifera

• pore bearers

• sponges

• least advance of animal phyla.

Cnidaria

• jelly fish, sea anemones, hydra

• Sessile and free swimming body forms.

Cnidocytes

Stinging cells in cnidaria is called ____.

Platyhelminthes

• Include flatworks, tapeworms and flukes.

Phylum Arthropoda

• is the largest and most diverse animal phylum.

• Include insects, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods.

MODES OF NUTRITION

The process of obtaining and utilizing food to grow, stay healthy, and repair any damaged body part

AUTOTROPHIC

Food producers.

Heterotrophic

Food consumers.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The process where green plants convert light energy into chemical energy, using water, carbon dioxide, and minerals to produce oxygen and energy-rich compounds.

CHEMOSYNTHESIS

The process by which food (glucose) is made by bacteria using chemicals as the energy source, rather than sunlight

PARASITIC

the host does not benefit from the parasite.

SAPROPHYTIC

derive nutrition from dead, decaying plants and animals.

Non-vascular

Lack a specialized vascular system, so water and nutrients and absorbed directly through their cell walls, limiting their size and requiring moist habitats.

xylem

(water transport)

phloem

(food transport)

BRYOPHYTES

• Includes mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

• non-vascular plants

EGESTION

The unabsorbed food is thrown out of the body of the organisms by the process of _____.

choanocytes

Porifera collects the food in specialized cells called _______ which are transported throughout the body by amoebocytes.

Complete

ANNELIDA have a well-developed, _____ digestive system.

NEMATODA

• also known as roundworms

• have a cylindrical body shape and are unsegmented

Incomplete

Platyhelminthes have an _______ or absent digestive system, with a single mouth opening leading to a gastrovascular cavity that functions in both digestion and circulation.

MOLLUSCA

• It is the second largest Phylum in the animal kingdom

• They have soft bodies, often protected by a hard shell, and are found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments

foregut, midgut, hindgut

Arthropods have a digestive tract divided into ___, ____, _____.

ECHINODERMATA

• have a radial symmetry and a spiny exoskeleton

• They use a unique water vascular system, consisting of canals and tube feet, to capture and consume food

• Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumbers.

CHORDATA

• Known for the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord. Vertebrates

small intestine

where enzymes break down complex molecules into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream for use by the body

Bolus

When food is chewed and mixed with saliva in the mouth, it forms a soft, moist mass called_____

chyme

The partially digested food that enters the small intestine from the stomach is called___ .

GAS EXCHANGE

A process of exchanging carbon

dioxide and oxygen between an

organism and environment

STOMATAL GAS EXCHANGE

The exchange of oxygen

and carbon dioxide and

loss of water vapor during

transpiration occurs in

stomata.

LENTICULAR GAS EXCHANGE

A small opening or cluster of

cells that extends through

the surface, allowing gas

exchange between the

atmosphere and the internal

tissues.

ROOT HAIR GAS EXCHANGE

A process where the oxygen

diffuses into the root hair

and is transported

throughout the system, while

carbon dioxide diffuses into

the surrounding soil

Phylum Arthropoda

What phylum is tracheal system present?

Pulmonary respiration

the process of breathing

in and out through the

lungs

STOMATA

Openings on plant leaves,

surrounded by guard cells.

guard cells

regulate gas exchange and water

loss through opening and closing.

PTERIDOPHYTA

Is a division of vascular plants that includes ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. Vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).

Root hair:

A specialized,

elongated cell on the surface of plant roots that increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.

GYMNOSPERMS

a group of vascular plants that produce naked

seeds (seeds not enclosed in a fruit).

LENTICELS

are small openings in the

bark of woody plants that

allow for gas exchange.

ANGIOSPERMS

are flowering plants that produce seeds

enclosed within fruits or flowers.

Porocytes

A tube-like cells that form and

control the pores are called

ostia are present on the body

diffusion

a passive process driven by concentration

gradients

gastrovascular cavity.

Cnidarians have a___________, which is a central,

internal space that functions both in digestion and

circulation.

Tegument

A specialized syncytial (multi-nucleated) layer in parasitic

flatworms that helps with protection and nutrient absorption.

Cuticle

A thin, flexible, and permeable

outer layer that allows gas

diffusion in nematodes.

mantle cavity

Terrestrial molluscs exchange gases with the surrounding

air with their _______.

Spiracles

These are are small openings on the body

surface that can open or close to regulate gas

exchange in Arthropoda.

Arthropoda

Which phylum has a book gills and spiracles?

Papules.

tiny gills that help with gas exchange and waste removal in echinoderms.

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

Also known as “bony fishes”

Gills

____ are the primary

respiratory organ that fishes

use for gas exchange,

Buccopharyngeal Respiration

Gases diffuse in and out via blood

vessels in the linings of the mouth and throat.

Cutaneous Respiration

Gases diffuse in the skin of the amphibian.

The skin must be moist in order for this to take place.

nine

How many air sacs does class aves has?

epiglottis,

ensures that

food does not enter the

lungs.

alveoli.

small sacs where gas exchange in humans takes place.

DIAPHRAGM

It is a large, dome-shaped

muscle used majorly in

respiration.

Vascular Plants

are

plants that have specialized tissues

(xylem and phloem) for transporting

water, nutrients, and food throughout

the plant.

Non-vascular plants

plants that lacked specialized transport tissue.

Xylem

a type

of tissue in vascular

plants that transports

water, mineral ions, and

some nutrients from

the roots to the leaves.

Lignin

Xylem is strengthened by a material called?

Tracheids

are long cells that

help transport xylem sap and

also provide structural support.

Phloem

is a plant

tissue that moves food

(mainly sugars) from

the leaves to other parts

of the plant, like the

roots and stems.

Leaves

are sites of

photosynthesis,

produce sugars and

drive transpiration

Capillary action

is the collective work of a liquid's

cohesive and adhesive properties to allow the liquid to

climb upward through a solid.

SOURCE

produces or

releases sugars

SINK

receives sugars

for growth or storage.

Transpiration

is the loss of water

from the plant through

evaporation at the leaf surface.

Transpiration Pull:

as water evaporates from the

leaves (transpiration), it creates a negative pressure

(tension) that pulls more water upward through the

xylem.

Circulation

The continuous movement of

blood (or hemolymph) through the body to

deliver oxygen, and nutrients, and remove

wastes.

Open Circulatory System

A system where the

circulatory fluid (hemolymph) is not completely

enclosed in vessels and directly bathes the

organs.

Closed Circulatory System

A system in

which blood is confined to vessels and

pumped by a heart, providing more efficient

transport.