Theorists - Ethnicity

Gillborn (2008) - locked-in inequality/ Inst. racism

Racism is so deep-rooted and latge its an inevtaible part of education system

Gillborn (2008) - marketisation and Inst racism

Increase in marketisation means schools can be more selective - neg stereotypes can influence admissions choices

Moore and Davenport (1990) - Inst racism and admissions

American research - admissions procedures preferred white over ethnic minority pupils - primary school reports to screen out EAL pupils and made application process harder for non-English speaking parents

Troyna and Williams - languages in ethnocentric curriculum

Meagre provisions for teaching Asian langs, compared to European ones

David (1993) - ethnocentric curriculum — 3 things it ignores

It's specifically British - ignores non-European langs, literature and music

Ball (1994) - ethnocentric curriculum — British history

Promotes "Little Englandism" and tries to recreate "mythical age of empire and past glories", whilst ignoring history of Black and Asian people

Coard - ethnocentric curriculum and what it teaches Black culture and history as

Taught its primitive and white people civilised them - may lower self-esteem of Black pupils, causing failure

Stone (1981) - Black pupils and self-esteem

They don't suffer from low self-esteem (criticises Coard)

Gillborn (2008) - gifted and talented

Official stats show White pupils are 2x as likely as Black Caribbeans to be identified as GAT and 5x more likely than Black Africans

Gillborn - new IQism

Teachers and policymakers make wrong assumptions about pupils' ability/ potential, including putting Black pupils in low-ranked groups. — see potential as fixed, but Gillborn disagrees

Gillborn (2008) - model minorities

Image of Indians and Chinese as model minorities hides education as institutionally racist - makes it appear meritocratic and used to suggest other minorities have unaspirational home culture

Evans (2006)- ethnicity, class and gender

Must look at how ethnicity intersects with gender and class to fully understand ethnic diff in achievement

Connolly (1998) - masculinity and ethnicity in primary schools

Studied 5 and 6 year olds - Black boys = seen as disruptive under-achievers and told to channel energies into sports. Asian boys were seen as passive and academic - misbehaviour was seen as immature, not threatening. Seen as more feminine and vulnerable.

Gillborn (2000) - Inst racism and teacher racism

Schools are institutionally racism and have racialised expectations - e.g. expect black pupils to have more behavioural issues and be threatening

Foster (1990) - teacher stereotypes

See Black pupils as badly behaved - stream based on neg stereotypes — low streams - can cause SFP

Gillborn (1990) - teacher racism (misinterpreting behaviour)

African Caribbean pupils are more likely to be given detentions due to misinterpretation they were challenging teacher's authority via how they dressed, spoke and their mannerisms

Wright (1992) - Asian pupils and teacher racism

Teachers expect them to speak/ understand English poorly. often exclude them from class discussions and used simplistic, childish Lang when speaking to them.

Archer (2008) - pupil identities

Teachers see minority ethnic group pupils as lacking favoured ideal pupil identity - 3 pupil identities:

ideal, pathologised and demonised

Fuller (1984) - pupil response to labelling

Year 11 group do Black girls - high achievers. Channelled anger about neg labelling into academic success — self-refuting prophecy

Mac an Ghaill (1992) - neg teacher labelling

Studied Black and Asian A-level pupils - refused neg teacher labels - labels don't always cause SFP

Mirza (1992) - failed strategies for rejecting neg labels

Some Black ambitious girls saw teacher help as misguiding as discouraged them from pursuing professional careers. Rejected school's value via dress, attitudes and behaviour (e.g. only asked certain staff for help) - restricted their opps

Sewell - Black hoys 4 responses to schooling

Rebels, conformists, retreatists and innovators - teachers often see all Black boys as rebels, despite their attitude

Gillborn and Youdell - evaluation of labelling and pupil responses

No blame teachers response - should assess racism of education system as it causes teacher stereotypes. League tables has caused A-C economy - has caused many Black and WC pupils to be put in lower streams and lower tier exams

Madood (2003) - evaluation of labelling and pupil responses

Need to take caution when generalising findings from these studies to all teachers/ pupils

Bereiter and Engelmann (1966) - language and Black African fams

Lang spoken by low-income Black African fams is inadequate - ungrammatical and can't express abstract ideas

Baker-Bell (2020) - linguistic racism

Views like Bereiter and Engelmann are anti-Black linguistic racism. Labels Black speech codes as inferior. White mainstream English dominates society.

Gillborn and Mirza (2000) - EAL pupils and achievement

Indian pupils do very well academically, despite being EAL

Platt and Parsons (2018)- ethnic minorities and career aspirations

Among 7-14 year olds, minority girls and boys and higher career aspirations , inc for higher paid jobs, than W peers

Archer and Francis (2007) - British Chinese pupils and fam structure

Most successful as parents put high value on education. Fam values and hierarchy - told to never Q teachers and respect elders.

Lupton (2004) - Asian fams and authority

Adult authority in Asian fams = similar to school - expected respect to adults at home caused respect to teachers. Parents = more likely to support behaviour policy at school.

Sewell (2009) - fathers, gangs and culture

High proportion of Black Caribbean pupils raised in lone-parent female-headed fams. Boys lack role models, attracting them to gangs. Media-inspired role model of anti-school Black masculinity.

Arnot (2004) - media-inspired role model for Black boys

Ultra tough ghetto superstar reinforced via rap lyrics and MTV videos

Driver (1997) - positive effects of Black family structures

Black Caribbean families give girls positive role models of strong, independent women. Why they're more successful than Black Boys in education.

Keddie (1972) - criticism of cultural deprivation theory

Minority kids are culturally diff, not culturally deprived. They underachieve as schools are ethnocentric.

Palmer (2012) - material deprivation and class

Almost 50% of all ethnic minority kids live in low-income households: almost 50% of Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earned £7/ hour, compared to 25% of White British workers.

Rex (1986) - racism in wider society (social exclusion)

Racial discrimination causes social exclusion - worsens poverty faced by minorities. E.g. more likely to be forced into substandard housing than White people of same class.

Noon (1993) - racism in wider society (employment)

Sent identical letters to top 100 UK firms - one was signed Evans and one Patel. Firms = more encouraging to White candidate.