2.9 Rivalry & Mistrust

short term causes for the Cold War

breakdown of the Grand Alliance, formation of rival blocs, conflict over germany

when was grand alliance formed

1942

who formed the Grand alliance?

USSR, US, UK

what was the purpose of the Grand alliance

to defeat germany

when was the tehran conference

nov 31-dec 1, 1943

who was present at the Tehran conference

FDR, Stalin, Churchill

what attack was planned during Tehran conference?

US and UK agreed to launch an invasion on Western Europe, known as D-Day

what did Stalin want after the Tehran conference

soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe

what was the significance of the tehran conference

first meeting of the “Big Three”

when was the Yalta conference

feb 4-11, 1945

who was present at the Yalta conference

FDR, Stalin, Churchill

what was the decision regarding post-war Europe at the Yalta conference?

division of Germany into 4 zones (US, Soviet Union, UK, France)

what was to be formed after the Yalta conference?

United Nations was to be formed, to replace the League of Nations

what did Stalin want after the Yalta conference?

he was promised Eastern Europe

what was the significance of the Yalta conference?

highlighted growing tension between the allies concerning germany post-war (set the stage for cold war)

when was the Potsdam conference

july 17-aug 2, 1945

who was present at the Potsdam conference?

Truman, Stalin, Churchill

what did the leaders agree upon concerning post-war Germany?

the de-nazification, demilitarization, and democratization of germany, and Berlin was divided

what was the declaration after the Potsdam conference?

Japan’s unconditional surrender or face utter destruction (led to use of the atomic bomb)

what was the significance of the Potsdam conference?

marked the end of WWII, and signaled deepening division between Allies

what did Truman want concerning the atomic bomb?

to use it to end the war with Japan, without Soviet participation (not sharing with USSR)

when was Kennan’s Long Telegram?

feb 1946

who was Kennan?

Mr X, US diplomat in Moscow

what was the significance of the Long Telegram?

formed basis for the foreign policy of containment

when were the communist parties growing in Western Europe?

1946

what countries in Western Europe became communist in 1946

France, Italy, Greece, and Yugoslavia

when did Churchill give his Iron Curtain speech?

march 1946

what was the Soviet response to the Iron Curtain speech?

compared Churchill to Hitler, and increased anti-Western propaganda

what were the salami tactics used by the Soviet Union?

eliminated governments in Eastern Europe except the communist party

when were the salami tactics used by the Soviet union?

1946-1947

when was the Truman Doctrine released?

march 1947

what was Truman’s perspective concerning the Truman Doctrine?

set a new foreign policy of containment, asked for $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey

what was the result of the Truman Doctrine?

Greece and Turkey stayed democratic, deemed it a success

when was the Marshall plan in effect?

1948-1951

what was the Marshall Plan?

George Marshall encouraged an extension of US aid to ALL of europe

what warranted the money spent during the Marshall Plan?

Czechoslovakia fell to communism, highlighted a need to contain

how much was given as part of the Marshall Plan?

$13 billion for 4 years of aid

what were the results of the Marshall Plan?

35% industrial production increase in Western Europe, communism contained, and US profited

what was the Soviet’s reaction to the Marshall Plan?

called it “dollar imperialism” and created Molotov Plan

what was the Molotov Plan?

trade agreements between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries

when was NATO created?

1949

who created NATO?

US, Canada, and Western Europe

what was the Soviet response to the creation of NATO?

the Warsaw pact in 1955

what was the Warsaw pact?

the Soviet Union’s equivalent of NATO with it’s allies

when did food exports from the Soviets stop?

1946

why did the Soviets stop sending food to Germany

they didn’t want to rebuild Germany under US’s conditions

when was trizonia created?

1948

when was the Berlin blockade?

June 1948

what was the Berlin Blockade?

Soviets cut off all access to West Berlin

what was the Allies response to the Berlin Blockade?

send food and fuel into West Berlin from Trizonia

how long did the Berlin Blockade last?

11 months

what was the significance of the Berlin Blockade?

first conflict between the superpowers that US won, East and West Germany formed

what was Deutscher’s perspective concerning the long term causes of the Cold War?

the global conflict (Great Contest) between capitalism and socialism was rooted in the Bolshevik Revolution, and foreign policy is dependent on economic interests

what was alperovitz’s perspective concerning the atomic bomb?

US used the atomic bomb as a negotiating tool to force the USSR to accept its plans for post war Europe and Japan

what was Kennan’s perspective concerning the Long Telegram?

the main element of any US policy towards the Soviet Union must be containment since USSR is hostile towards the West

what was Churchill’s perspective concerning the Iron Curtain?

the Communist parties are seeking to obtain totalitarian control everywhere, an iron curtain has descended across the continent

what was LaFeber’s perspective concerning the Truman Doctrine?

the doctrine became an ideological shield behind which the US rebuilt the Western political and economic system, and from 1957 on any threats to the West were communist inspired

what was Behrman’s perspective concerning the Marshall Plan?

the Marshall Plan created the longest and most successful economic boom, gave birth to the most successful peacetime military alliance (NATO), linchpin in America’s post-war strategy

what is the orthodox perspective?

USSR was to blame, Stalin’s role in his occupations

what was the revisionist perspective?

US was to blame, linked to US need to secure the markets with containment

what was the post-revisionist perspective?

complex misconceptions from both sides were the cause, long-term factors made peace between the two sides difficult

what was the post-cold war perspective?

both sides were to blame, with emphasis on Stalin’s crazy actions encouraging war

what reparations were agreed at Yalta?

$10 billion to the Soviet Union, they had to give food to Germany in return

when did cold war “start”

1949

what was the US plan containing communism in Asia

defend perimeter islands from USSR except Korea

when was dean acheson’s defense of the perimeter speech

jan 1950

when was the NSC-68 creation

april 1950

what was NSC-68

foreign policy which expanded nuclear weapons and more aggressive