W7 - narrative inquiry - participatory action research (PAR) and photovoice

key approaches to qualitative research

• qualitative traditions

  • phenomenology

    • descriptive

    • interpretive

  • grounded theory

  • ethnography

• additional approaches (designs)

  • narrative inquiry

  • participatory action research

  • photovoice

the nature of narrative inquiry

• researchers collect stories about their lived and told experiences

• stories are heard and shaped by the researcher into a chronology

• often have turning points

• stories occur within a specific place or situation

narratives in health research

• develop and contribute

  • developing and contribute to professional knwoeldge, thus can improve care

• enable

  • professionals to understand their patients and clients more deeply by truly listening to their voices

• allow

  • allow nursing ad other health care professionals to gain knowledge that is grounded in ‘ concrete situations’

• obtained from

  • narrative accounts in healthcare can be obtained from patients or cleints, caregivers adn relatives ro colleagues and other professionals

• best for

  • best for capturing detailed stories of experiences of an individual or the lives of a small number fo individuals

reasons for story telling

•Through storytelling, people have the possibility to

•give meaning to experiences, in particular suffering

•interpret and verbalize important events and share them with others

•present a holistic view of experience and perspective

•try to find adjustment when conditions are unalterable

•confirm group membership in a shared culture

•attribute blame or responsibility to themselves or others

•take more control over their own lives

 

dimensions of story telling

• chronological or sequential

• non chronological

types fo stories

• everyday

• cultural

• autobiographical

• biographical

• collective

forms of narratives

• restitution

• chaos

• quest

narrative interviewing

• remembering is subjective

• initial question needs to trigger a lengthy tale

• control by participant

• little interruption by researcher

narrative analysis

• when analyzing narratives, the context of the story is important

• main step

  • transcribing data

  • reducing data

• restorying

• analysis can be about

  • what is said - thematically

  • nature of telling the story - structural

  • who the story is directed to - dialogic/performance

• transcription and reduction

• visual analysis

• participant validation

narrative analysis 2 - thematic and holistics analysis

Thematic and holistic analysis

•The narrative as a whole is analyzed.

•Main statements are identified reflecting the ‘core of the experience’

•The embedded meanings are found by focusing on the contents of the story.

•Locating the essence or the ‘core’ of the story is of great value.

•Riesman (2008) refers to this process as thematic analysis.

•The focus is on analyzing the story as a whole, focusing on ‘what’ is in the story, rather than on ‘how’ it is told

 

narrative analysis 2 - dialogical/performance analysis

Dialogical / performance analysis

•Like both thematic and structural analysis but focuses more on the text and the context.

•Also considers the interactive talk, gestures, mime or other elements that are part of the interaction.

•Like conversation or discourse analysis (chapter 15) because it also focuses on the people involved in the narrative and how the conversation is oriented

•Focus is on the social interaction, relationships and identities that are co-constructed with others.

•Considered a ‘hybrid’ where it takes elements of other types of analyses and combines them.

•

insider view

•Deep understanding arises of participant’s experience and perspective arises from participant’s story

•Reveals subjective truths for the participants within their social context

•Researcher and participant negotiate relationship and transactions – researchers need to continually discuss participant’s story with the participant to help shape the restory

truth in narrative research

• truth and self selection

• overuse and uncritical acceptance

• active collaboration with participant necessary

• reflection by reseacher for how they “restory”

what is participatory action research defintion

Participatory Action Research (also referred as PAR)

is a disciplined process of inquiry conducted by and for those taking the action. The primary reason for engaging in action research is to assist the “actor” in improving and/or refining his or her actions.

Often conducted with participants that are disenfranchised, who seek some emancipation.

Participatory action research (PAR) is an approach to research in communities that emphasizes participation and action. It seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and following reflection. PAR emphasizes collective inquiry and experimentation grounded in experience and social history.

why is PAR unique

• participants as experts

• participants as researchers

• resaerch issues related to dependence , oppression and other inequities in need of evaluation

• infroms policy

• end result is action

stages

• preliminary stage

  • all particiapnts are invovled in the proposal and part of teh reason for the project

• assessment phase

  • ethical issues are clarified and anonymity ensured.

  • aims and limitations put on the table

• planning phase

  • participants find innovative ways to solve the problem and carry out specific tasks

• implementation

  • all participants must be comfortable with theory and practice

• evaluation

  • observation, intervention, written reviews are used

change in cycle in par

•Researcher carefully observes what is happening in the setting. All participants should agree on their participation in the project -decision taken as a group

•Identify the problem areas they need to improve (via interview, focus groups take place)

•Implementation of change and evaluation of that change-done through several meeting, interviews and observation

research considerations

• trustworthiness

  • extent to which the findings are accurate

• PAR has two overarching goals

  • TO INCREASE PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT A TOPIC OF STUDY AND

  • SHOW THAT RESULTS INDICATE IMPROVEMENTS OR MOVEMENT TOWARDS DEFINED PURPOSE

example of a participatory research abstract

example

what is photovoice

“Photovoice is a method of participatory research wherein participants document their lived experience through photography, narrate their photographs, and guide data analysis through discussion with the researchers” p.125

it is used in PAR but also with the optic to explain one’s reality