Unit 3: Style and Subject in Poetry 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

What is style in poetry?

Style is the distinctive manner in which a poet uses language to create effects, acting as the poet's unique voice.

What four elements contribute to a poem's style?

Tone, diction (word choice), syntax (word arrangement), and speaker or persona.

Define tone in poetry.

Tone is the emotional attitude the speaker or poet adopts toward the subject, listener, or themselves.

How does tone function in a poem?

Tone conveys emotion and is crucial for fully understanding a poem's meaning.

Example of tone complexity in Sylvia Plath's "Tulips."

Plath expresses anger, fear, defiance, love, hope, and tenderness toward tulips, her listener, and herself.

Why is understanding tone challenging for novice readers?

It requires balancing emotional engagement with critical objectivity.

What cues help determine tone in poetry?

Imagery, word choice, repetition, rhyme, sound, and rhythm.

Describe the tone in Yeats' "The Wild Swans at Coole."

Admiring, nostalgic, sad, and touched by self-pity.

Describe the tone in Atwood's "You Take My Hand."

Ambivalent, cynical toward the relationship; mocking and ironic toward herself.

Describe the possible tones in Frost's "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening."

Self-critical guilt or resolute acceptance of duty over temptation.

Define diction in poetry.

Diction is the choice and use of words and vocabulary in a poem.

How did William Wordsworth revolutionize diction?

He advocated for using ordinary spoken language instead of elevated poetic diction.

What are the traditional levels of diction?

Vulgar, colloquial, informal/general, and formal.

What is the difference between denotative and connotative language?

Denotative conveys literal meaning; connotative suggests emotions and associations.

How can word order affect emphasis in poetry?

Inverted word order can highlight important words or ideas.

Define syntax in poetry.

Syntax is the arrangement of words into phrases and sentences that shape meaning and tone.

How does imagery relate to diction?

Imagery can be a function of word choice, contributing to tone and emotional effect.

What is "exclusion" in poetic diction?

The deliberate minimalism, focusing on few but significant words, as seen in William Carlos Williams' poems.

What is "exuberance" in poetic diction?

Rich, energetic, and abundant word choice creating lively effects, like in Tim Lilburn's "Pumpkins."

What is "eccentricity" in poetic diction?

Highly individualistic language and style, exemplified by e.e. cummings' inventive forms and wordplay.

How does e.e. cummings use different diction levels in "i sing of Olaf"?

He mixes informal slang with formal diction to highlight social critique.

Define persona in poetry.

A fictional identity or character assumed by the poet to express ideas or emotions.

What is the autobiographical "I" in poetry?

The poet speaking personally, though not necessarily identical with the poet's real-life experiences.

Why should readers separate poet and speaker?

The speaker may express perspectives and experiences different from the poet's own life.

Example of a persona poem by Gwendolyn MacEwen.

"The T.E. Lawrence Poems," where MacEwen adopts Lawrence's voice.

How does MacEwen's use of a persona affect tone?

It creates intimacy, emotional immediacy, and complexity through cross-gendered perspective.

What is the effect of cross-gendering the speaker in "Deraa"?

It heightens empathy and discomfort, enhancing emotional engagement.

How does inversion in syntax impact poetry's style?

It draws attention to particular words or ideas and can create emphasis or surprise.

How does the speaker's tone change in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"?

It shifts from contemplation to duty, reinforcing the theme of perseverance.

Why is tone considered a "total effect" in poetry?

Because it emerges from the combination of imagery, diction, sound, rhythm, and structure.

What is subject matter in poetry?

The "aboutness" of a poem, referring to its primary topic or focus.

How is subject matter different from theme?

Subject matter is what a poem is about; theme is what the poet says about that subject.

What major subject preoccupies both Sylvia Plath and Dylan Thomas?

Death and mortality.

Which Sylvia Plath poem focuses on life, not death?

"Metaphors," about pregnancy and creativity.

What is consistent about Sylvia Plath's general style?

A focus on death, morbidity, and intense emotional complexity.

Name two Dylan Thomas poems concerned with death.

"Fern Hill" and "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night."

How does Thomas' treatment of death differ from Plath's?

Thomas' tone is often more rageful and lyrical, while Plath's is deeply introspective and personal.

What subject does Wilfred Owen's "Dulce Et Decorum Est" address?

The horrors of war and the false nobility of dying for one's country.

What subject does Sharon Olds' "Miscarriage" address?

Personal loss and grief through the experience of miscarriage.

How does imagery differ in Owen's and Olds' poems?

Owen uses graphic, war-related imagery; Olds uses tender, natural imagery.

Why does Olds highlight beauty in "the dark, scalloped shapes"?

To convey a tender, almost sacred reverence for lost life.

Define emotional content in poetry.

The feelings and emotional effects conveyed through tone and imagery, not necessarily the subject itself.

What is the relationship between emotion and theme in poetry?

Emotion often forms part of the thematic statement about the subject.

How are emotions like rage or alienation treated in poetry?

As aspects of tone and theme, not as subjects themselves.

According to Freud, what are the two core concerns of the human psyche?

Eros (love) and Thanatos (death).

Why are love and death common literary subjects?

They are fundamental experiences of the human condition.

How did the Romantic poets expand acceptable subject matter?

By declaring daily life, ordinary people, and emotional experiences as worthy poetic subjects.

What major document by Wordsworth called for new poetic subject matter?

The "Preface" to Lyrical Ballads (1800).

Give an example of nature as subject matter in Romantic poetry.

Wordsworth's "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" (pleasure in nature).

Give an example of society as subject matter.

Wordsworth's "Composed upon Westminster Bridge" (city life and society).

How has religion changed as a subject in modern poetry?

It is often treated with skepticism, irony, or existential questioning rather than unquestioned reverence.

What 20th-century poem exemplifies loss of faith?

T. S. Eliot's "The Hollow Men."

How does Robert Frost's "Design" treat religious ideas?

It ironically questions the argument from design (God's perfection through nature).

How does Philip Larkin's "Church Going" depict religion?

As a fading but still meaningful part of cultural and existential life.

How did Nietzsche influence modern treatment of religion in literature?

His declaration that "God is dead" encouraged poets to explore spirituality outside traditional frameworks.

How is the sacred portrayed in modern poetry?

As located in ordinary life experiences rather than traditional religious practices.

What social changes affected the subject of love in modern poetry?

Greater acceptance and recognition of homosexual love alongside heterosexual love.

How has modern poetry democratized subject matter?

By embracing everyday life, marginalized experiences, and diverse identities.

What is a key innovation of 20th-century poetry regarding taboo subjects?

Poets openly address death, sexuality, loss of faith, and emotional complexity without censorship.

Summarize the most important shift in modern poetic subject matter.

A move from idealized, hierarchical subjects toward the complexities and ordinariness of real human life.

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