lesson 11 - solid and hazardous waste

27/11

what are the 4 characteristics of waste?

corrosive, ignitability, reactive, and toxicity

what is corrosive waste? wastes that include _____ or bases that are capable of corroding _______ containers

acids, metal

what is ignitability waste? waste that can create ________ under certain conditions

fires

what are reactive wastes? unstable in _________, can cause explosions, toxic fumes when _________

nature, heated 

what are toxicity wastes? waste which are harmful or fatal when ________- or absorbed

ingested

what are the 3 broad categories of waste

municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and special waste

what is municipal solid waste (MSW)? consists of _________ items that are commonly generated from homes and office buildings 

everyday 

what is hazardous waste? waste with properties that make it capable of __________ human health or the _________

harming, environment

what is special waste? catch ______ category

all

what are 5 major sources of hazardous wastes? 
1. hazardous materials used in the _______

2. __________ waste

3. _________ hazardous waste

4. radio________ waste

5. _________ wastes and extraction wastes 

home, medical, industrial, active, mining

what are special wastes? harmful but produced in _________ volumes, less risk than hazardous waste

large

what are the two tiers of the waste management approach?

primary _________ of waste and waste _________ and ________

prevention, treatment, disposal

what is tier 1: primary prevention of waste? not to produce waste in the _______ place. approached by efforts such as reduce, ________, recycle

first, reuse

what is tier 2: waste treatment and disposal? involves proper _______ and disposal of waste to _________ the public health and environment

treatment, protect

in tier 1 there are the 3Rs. describe recycle. the best way to manage waste is to not __________ it. the _______ you use, the less waste eg simpler packaging

produce, less

in tier 1 there are the 3Rs. describe reuse. it makes economic and environmental sense to ________ products eg glass bottles for drinks 

reuse 

in tier 1 there are the 3Rs. describe recycle. the process of remanufacturing a product to be sold as _______. often involve __________ into a raw material that can be used to produce a new item eg newspaper

new, transforming

what is source reduction? activities that reduce the amount of wastes ________ to entering the waste stream. it involves design, manufacture, and use of materials or products in a way that _________ the _______ and toxicity of waste and materials

prior, reduces, waste

in tier 2, what are some waste treatments? incineration, solidifcation, heat treatment, _________ treatment 

chemical 

in tier 2, what are some waste disposals? _________fills, underground injection walls, waste piles, land treatment unit

land

what is composting? a controlled process of _________ organic matter by microorganisms into a humus-like material. often low in plant nutrients but is useful for ___________ soil

degrading, conditioning

what are the major constraints on waste recovery/recycling? 

1. the __________ of general publics 

2. the adoption of ________ responsibility scheme 

3. small flat _______ and communal utility areas 

4. low values, high transportation cost or lack of _______ demand 

5. high ________ premium and _________ cost 

willingness, producer, sizes, market, land, labor 

what are the sources of human exposures? __________ of contaminated water or food, _________/contact with disease vectors, _________

ingestion, dermal, inhalation

what are the 7 points of contact?

1. soil adsorption, storage, and ___________

2. _________ uptake

3. _____________ (air)

4. run_____

5. leaching

6. insects, birds, rats, flies, and _________

7. direct __________ of untreated waste

biodegrading, plant, ventilation, off, animals, dumping

what are some ways that exposure to solid and hazardous waste could adversely affect human health? 

1. __________ agents from poorly managed solid waste

2. contamination of drinking _______ and soil by biological, chemical, and mining wastes 

3. contaminatino of ________ by waste chemicals that escape into the environment 

4. ________ migration and leachate discharges from landfills 

5. emissions of _____ pollutants from incinerators 

pathogenic, water, food, gas, air 

what are some impacts of solid waste on health? high risk of infectious _________, chemical ________ through chemical inhalation, increase in ___________ of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites, long term chemical _________

diseases, poisoning, hospitalization, exposures

waste breaks down in landfills to form _______, a potent greenhouse gas, change in climate and destruction of ozone layer

methane

commercial and industrial waste is collected by _________ waste collector while domestic waste is collected by __________ cleaning services 

private, public 

what are 4 facilities?

1. refuse _______ stations

2. _________ plant

3. chemical waste ______ center

4. landfills

transfer, composting, treatment

what are sanitary landfills? they are the disposal of _____/garbage. at engineered facilities in a series of compacted ________ on land and the frequent daily covering of the waste with _______

waste, layers, soil

what is the landfill site selection criteria? it has to have adequate elevation or separation to protect regional ground _______, appropriate _______ for daily soil cover requirements, and an adequate _________ from surrounding populations 

water, soil, buffer

the current landfill designs aim at protecting _________ quality. __________ ________ (LFG) are the largest artificial source of METHANE emissions in the US as well as sources of volatilized toxic metals such as mercury

water, Landfill gases

the goals of combustion is to reduce the volume of _________ being processed or to reduce the _________ characteristics of a particular waste stream

waste, hazardous

what is waste-to-energy (WTE)? it is combustion with the production of _____________

energy 

what is incineration? combustion of MSW __________ energy recovery

without

WTE plants are gnerally _________ burn

mass

what does the integrated waste management facility aim to do? it aims to substantially reduce the bulk __________ of mixed MSW and to recover useful ____________

size, resources 

what are the two categories of emissions of potential public health concern?

stack and fugitive

what are stack emissions? organics, dioxins and furans, ________ and halogens

metals

what are fugitive emissions? ________ and other irregular gas releases from pipelines and storage tanks 

leaks 

the two primary sources of fugitive emissions at any thermal treatment facility are the waste ____________/feed area and the residuals ____________ area

processing, management

what is electronic waste? all kinds of unwanted ___________ equipments

electronic

why is improper disposal of e-waste a conern? these components contain ___________ metals 

hazardous 

what is medical waste? from healthcare treatment or research facilities. items in contact with _________ fluids or other materials may contain _________ agents

body, infectious

what is asbestos? it is in the construction industry, it is _________-retardant

flame

what is radioactive waste and its two categories? radioactive chemical elements, _________-level and ___________-level 

low, high 

what is sewage sludge? the dewatered stick black “cake” consisting of every _________ material capable of being sent down the _________ of homes and industries and into the sewers.

waste, drains