Wave Turbines and Biofuel Flashcards

Flashcards about Wave Turbines and Biofuel

What is the most common type of impulse turbine?

Pelton wheel turbine

Name some other examples of impulse turbines besides the Pelton wheel turbine.

Turgo, jornal, banki, and Girad

What energy conversion takes place as water passes through a nozzle in an impulse turbine?

Potential energy converted to kinetic energy

According to Newton's second law of motion, what factors are important for impulse water turbines?

The mass of water and change in velocity

What is the power output of a Pelton wheel turbine?

Up to 200 MW

How high above the turbine can stored water be to generate speed for the water jet in a Pelton wheel turbine?

1,000 m

What do water jets hit to cause the turbine to spin in an impulse turbine?

Bucket-shaped structures

What percentage of water's potential energy can impulse turbines use?

90%

What is the working principle of a reaction water turbine?

Change in pressure

On what law of motion is the reaction water turbine based?

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Name some types of reaction water turbines.

Thompson, Francis, Kaplan, Fourneyron, and Propeller

What type of flow is the water in a reaction water turbine?

Radial and axial

What type of flow is the impulse in a reaction water turbine?

Tangential

What does a reaction water turbine require that an impulse turbine does not?

A case to create water pressure

What does a reaction turbine use to move blades, instead of kinetic energy?

Water pressure

Compared to impulse turbines, how efficient are reaction water turbines?

Less efficient

From where can electricity be generated from waves?

Onshore or offshore

Why is offshore wave energy less efficient?

In deep water, waves go in many directions

What are the disadvantages to using wave energy?

High cost, waves break equipment, moorings impact sea life

What percentage of total renewables does wave power currently represent globally?

0.001%

Why does saltwater impact wave energy equipment?

Saltwater is corrosive

Name some fouling communities that grow on wave energy equipment.

Mollusks and barnacles

Define biofuel.

Transportation fuel derived by biological material

What is the carbon footprint of biofuel, compared to fossil fuels?

Smaller carbon footprint

What is a limitation of biofuel?

Competition for food production

Name a source of biofuels.

Corn, paper, manure, algae, used cooking oil, etc.

What are some positive attributes of biofuels?

Renewable and sustainable

When burned, what do biofuels release?

Release carbon dioxide

What is one advantage of biofuels over crude oil?

Don’t create oil spills

What is a benefit of cooking oil biofuel?

Cheap to produce

What is the chemical reaction used to process cooking oil into biofuels?

Transesterification

What does transesterification form?

Esters and glycerol

What problems do improperly disposed of cooking fats cause?

They clog sewers

What is the term for clogged sewers of improperly disposed of cooking fats?

Fatbergs

What crop is converted into ethanol?

Corn

What is an effect of using corn biofuel in a car gas tank?

Less miles per gallon

How effective is corn biofuel compared to crude oil?

Less effective

What happens to the production of food when more corn is produced for fuel?

Less is produced for food

How is biodiesel produced by algae?

Oil can be taken from algae

What is the algae oil extraction process called where the algae is pressed?

Expression

By using expression, how much oil is removed from algae?

80%

What is the oil extracted from algae called?

Green crude

What is the final step of transesterification?

Final step removes the glycerol

In order for algae biofuel to compete with crude oil, what is needed?

Commercial viability and industrial scale production

What type of biofuel can waste products such as cow manure be converted into?

Converted into methane biofuel

What is the bacteria type found in methane biofuel?

Methane forming archaea bacteria

What is methane used for?

Heat homes and generate electricity

Why was lead added to gasoline in 1921?

Reduced knocking in car engines

When was lead phased out completely of gas?

1996

List some of the PROS of biofuels.

Cheaper in cost, renewable energy source, lowers level of pollution

List some of the CONS of biofuels.

Less Energy Output, environmental pollution, and food security