bio 106 exam 4

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 2 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Get a hint
Hint

why does an action potential only move ahead toward axon terminus?

Get a hint
Hint

Sodium channels remain inactivated after an AP, there is a refractory period

Get a hint
Hint

The strength of an action potential is always the same. How, then, do we distinguish between stronger and weaker signals such as louder vs softer sounds?

Get a hint
Hint

rate of AP being produced

Card Sorting

1/128

flashcard set

Earn XP

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

129 Terms

1
New cards

why does an action potential only move ahead toward axon terminus?

Sodium channels remain inactivated after an AP, there is a refractory period

2
New cards

The strength of an action potential is always the same. How, then, do we distinguish between stronger and weaker signals such as louder vs softer sounds?

rate of AP being produced

3
New cards

Repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.

4
New cards

Depolarization

The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

5
New cards

2 ways action potentials are sped up

  1. myelin sheath 2. wide axon
6
New cards

myelin sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

7
New cards

saltatorial transmission

Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse due to jumping over myelin sheath

8
New cards

synaptic vesicles

Enclosed comparements that release neurotransmitters

9
New cards

what ion enters axon at the terminal causing the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane to release the neurotransmitter?

calcium

10
New cards

voltage gated channels

open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

11
New cards

action potential arrives and _ the membrane

depolarizes

12
New cards

influx of causes vesicles to fuse to membrane

calcium

13
New cards

What does the neurotransmitter bind to on the post-synaptic cell?

Ligand gates ion channels

14
New cards

What happens to create an EPSP?

Depolarization of membrane of post synaptic cell caused by binding of a excitatory neurotransmitter

15
New cards

What happens to create an IPSP?

Hyperpolarization in membrane of post synaptic neuron caused by biniding of inhibitory NT

16
New cards

What sequence of events results in spatial summation?

When multiple presynaptic inputs each stimulate the postsynaptic neuron at the same time

17
New cards

Where does summation occur?

axon hillock

18
New cards

What type of signals are associated with long distance communication

electrical

19
New cards

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

20
New cards

Neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

21
New cards

function of sensory neurons

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS

22
New cards

function of interneurons

connect sensory and motor neurons

23
New cards

function of motor neurons

carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

24
New cards

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

25
New cards

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

26
New cards

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

27
New cards

Where is the highest concentration of potassium ions?

inside cell

28
New cards

Where is the highest concentration of sodium ions

outside the cell

29
New cards

Where is the highest concentration of chloride ions?

outside the cell

30
New cards

Where is the highest concentration of large anions

inside the cell

31
New cards

Which direction does the sodium-potassium pump sodium?

outside the cell

32
New cards

. Which direction does the sodium-potassium pump potassium

inside the cell

33
New cards

When voltage-gated potassium channels open, they allow for K+ to move down its concentration gradient across the cell membrane: Which direction will it flow?

outside the cell

34
New cards

what happens to the charge inside the cell when k+ leaved?

becomes negative

35
New cards

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit (+,+)

36
New cards

Exploitation (+/-)

interactions in which one species benefits and the other is harmed

37
New cards

competition (-,-)

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

38
New cards

competition interaction

both species harmed

39
New cards

What is an example of a resource for which there is no need for competition?

oxygen

40
New cards

competitive exclusion

When two species compete for limited resources, one will use it better than the other

41
New cards

What is predation?

the preying of one animal on others.

42
New cards

feeding adaptations of predators

claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, and poison

43
New cards

predator avoidance adaptations

camouflage, warning coloration, mimicry

44
New cards

Herbivory

harms plants but does not kill them

45
New cards

herbivore adaptations

-acute chemosensors
-specialized teeth/jaws and digestive systems
-detoxification systems

46
New cards

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

47
New cards

host

An organism on which a parasite lives.

48
New cards

Ectoparasites

Parasites that feed on external surface of host.

49
New cards

endoparasite

parasite living on the inside of its host

50
New cards

Parasitoid

A specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms - referred to as its host

51
New cards

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

52
New cards

trophic levels

primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, quaternary consumers

53
New cards

foundation species

species that plays a major role in shaping a community by creating and enhancing a habitat that benefits other species

54
New cards

keystone species

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.

55
New cards

What do plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert solar energy into

chemical energy

56
New cards

what is energy during transfer of energy lost as?

Heat energy

57
New cards

does energy FLOW or CYCLE through an ecosystem?

flow

58
New cards

do chemical elements FLOW or CYCLE through an ecosystem?

cycle

59
New cards

How does an element become limited in a given system?

becomes a gas in atmosphere

60
New cards

Autotrophs Trophic Level

primary producer

61
New cards

Herbivore trophic level

primary consumers

62
New cards

Carnivore trophic level

secondary/tertiary consumer

63
New cards

What are detritivores?

decomposers

64
New cards

decomposer role in nutrient movement

Convert organic matter to inorganic matter for plants to eat

65
New cards

List the three ways ingested food is partitioned by the caterpillar:

feces, growth, cellular respiration

66
New cards

In general, how much energy is lost each time it is transferred from one trophic level to the next

90%

67
New cards

What role does decomposition play in biogeochemical cycling?

breaks down organic matter into carbon dioxide

68
New cards

Water biological importance is:

essential to all

69
New cards

Carbon biological importance

o Basis of organic molecules (Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids)

70
New cards

Phosphorus biological importance

o Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP, bones, teeth

71
New cards

nitrogen biological importance

create amino acids and bacteria use

72
New cards

What are two mechanisms that add carbon (in the form of CO2) back into the atmosphere?

burning fuels, respiration

73
New cards

What process moves carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere (living organisms)?

photosynthesis

74
New cards

nitrogen fixation is the:

Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

75
New cards

nutrient cycling

The circulation of chemicals necessary for life, from the environment (mostly from soil and water) through organisms and back to the environment.

76
New cards

how does carbon move from atmosphere to biosphere?

photosynthesis

77
New cards

how does carbon move from biosphere to atmosphere

respiration

78
New cards

waterproofing

wax coating, thick shells, thick skin

79
New cards

Nitrogenous waste products

ammonia, urea, uric acid

80
New cards

Ammonia

very toxic, little energy to produce

81
New cards

urea

less toxic, comes from the breakdown of proteins

82
New cards

uric acid

nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

83
New cards

urea is produced by _

those who live on land where water is abundant and not shelled eggs

84
New cards

ammonia is produced by _

those who live in water

85
New cards

uric acid is produced by _

those who need to conserve water and develop in shelled eggs

86
New cards

Nephrons

Functional units of the kidneys

87
New cards

filtrate enteres from blood

tubule

88
New cards

water reclaimed as filtrate moves thru the system creating

urine

89
New cards

Bowman's capsule

cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.

90
New cards

glomerulus

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.

91
New cards

filtrate

fluid entering the nephron tubule

92
New cards

lumen

inside the space of the tubule

93
New cards

descending loop of henle

water reabsorption, permeable to water

94
New cards

in the descending loop of henle, filtrate becomes more _

concentrated

95
New cards

is the ascending loop of henle permeable to water? What molecule is pumped out of filtrate?

No, Na+ is pumped out of filtrate, decreasing filtrate concentration

96
New cards

ascending loop of henle is permeable to

salts

97
New cards

in the ascending loop of henle, filtrate becomes more _

dulited

98
New cards

collecting duct is permeable to

water and salt

99
New cards

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Produced by Posterior lobe of Pituitary Gland. Targets kidneys for water conservation.

100
New cards

when ADH is present, it_ water permeability

increases