Chapter 24: Fungi

Fungi (Eumycota)

diverse heterotrophic organisms

fungi cell wall is made of ___ and ___

chitin, glucans

some fungi can reproduce only ___, but some can reproduce ___ and ___

asexually, asexually and sexually

spores

specialized structures used for asexual and sexual reproduction

most fungi are multicellular; those that are unicellular are referred to as

yeasts (e.g., S. cerevisae [budding yeast])

dimorphic fungi have the ability to switch between a ___

multicellular and unicellular state depending on the environment

some fungi are parasitic, which involves ___

one organism (parasite) living inside or on another organism (host), causing harm to the host while they benefit

some fungi are mutualistic, which involves ___

two different species interacting closely and benefitting from it

some fungi are commensals, which involves ___

one organism benefitting (commensal) while the other the other isn’t harmed

all fungi are heterotrophs, performing external digestion by releasing ___ into the environment

exoenzymes

most fungi are saprobes, which are specialized heterotrophs using ___

dead/decaying organic matter for food

mycelium makes up the ___

body of a multicellular fungi

hyphae (hypha)

mass of individual tubular filaments made of cells (makes up mycelium)

some fungal species have septate hypha, a subdivided hypha via septa, which are ___

incomplete cross wall compartments for nutrient flow

some fungal species have coenocytic hypha, which is a ___

multinucleate undivided hypha

fruiting bodies are specialized, species dependent structures for multicellular fungal reproduction that produce ___

spores for asexual or sexual reproduction

fragmentation is a type of multicellular fungal asexual reproduction during which

a piece of mycelium breaks and regenerates a copy of the individual

in unicellular fungi, fragmentation is referred to as

fission or budding

conidia is a type of fungal asexual reproduction during which ___ spores produced at the tip of hyphae form a ___

unprotected, conidiophore

sporangia (sporangium) is a type of fungal asexual reproduction involving ___ spores produced in ___ structures on top of a ____

protected, sac-like, sporangiophore

instead of sex structures, fungi have two genetically determined mating types:

self-fertilization (both mating types within the same mycelium), and two compatible partners must meet

during the plasogamy life stage, cytoplasms from two diferent parent cells ___

fuse without nuclei fusion (many fungal species can remain in this state for many generations)

during the karyogamy life stage, nuclei fuse to form a ___ zygote, which undergoes ___, germinates, then forms the ___ sporangium

diploid, mitosis, haploid

zygomycota (mold)

reproduces asexually by producing sporagiospores

black tips on bread mold are ___ packed with ___

sporangia, black spores

ascomycota (sac fungi)

forms an ascus (asci; sac-like structure)

ascus produces ___, which are ___, for sexual reproduction

ascospores, haploid

asexual reproduction among some asocmycota species is done via ___

conidia

basidiomycota (club fungi)

club-spaped fruiting bodies (basidia) for reproduction

basidia, swollen terminal cells of a ___, releases ___

hypha, badsidospores

basidiomycota have ___ under the cap, which are compacted hyphae

gill-like structures