Chapter 25 - Internal Balance

homeostasis

homeostasis

The maintenance of the internal conditions in your body.

arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and finally branch into capillaries.

circulatory system

heart, blood vessels, and blood

What’s the main system for maintaining homeostasis?

The circulatory system

The body’s defense system

Also helps maintain homeostasis. This includes the skin.

extretory system

Also helps maintain homeostasis. This includes the kidneys which filters wastes from your blood.

cardiovascular

“heart vessel”

capillaries

The smallest blood vessels where materials are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

Which vessels have valves?

Veins, which take blood to the heart have one-way valves. This way your blood flows in only one direction.

How many beats per minutes does the average person’s heart beat while resting?

70 bpm (beats per minute)

What do capillaries merge to form?

veins

pacemaker

The part of the heart that automatically causes it to beat at your normal heart rate.

pulse

The rhythmic expansion of the arteries caused by pressure from blood being forces through an artery.

Which section of the heart has the thickest walls?

mayocardium

What’s the hearts only function?

to pump blood

pericardium

The fluid-filled sac that your heart is in. It helps prevent friction.

artria

The upper two chambers of the heart. H

How many chambers does the heart have?

Four

ventricles

The lower two chambers of the heart. They are thick-walled and larger than the upper chambers (the atria).

septum

The muscular wall of the heart that separates the left and right sides on the heart.

Memorize the location of the aorta

aorta (The largest artery. It branches out to supply blood to all of the body.)

Memorize the location of the pulmonary arteries

pulmonary arteries (Notice them on both sides of the heart. They carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.)

Memorize the location of the pulmonary veins

pulmonary veins (notice them on both sides of the heart)

Memorize the location of the left atrium

left atrium

Memorize the location of the mitral valve

mitral valve (This is also known in your book as one the Atrioventricular, AV valves. It prevents the valves from swinging back into the atria.)

Memorize the location of the left ventricle

left ventricle

Memorize the location of the septum

septum

Memorize the location of the right ventricle

right ventricle

Memorize the location of the semilunar valves

semilunar valves (It returns blood from the upper body regions.)

Memorize the location of the right atrium

right atrium

Memorize the location of the superior vena cava

superior vena cava

Where does blood enter the heart?

At the right atrium through the superior and inferior venae cavae.

Memorize the location of the inferior vena cava

inferior vena cava (returns blood from the lower body regions)

deoxygentated blood

Blood that comes from the body that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide.

coronary artieries

The vessels that carry oxygen to the heart muscles.

What side of the heart contains all of the deoxyegntated blood?

The right side

When studying the body in science, what side is left and right?

You have to pretend that you are the patient. It would be the patient’s actual left or right. Not what looks to be your left or right.

oxygenated blood

Blood that became oxygen-rich from air going into the lungs and then into the blood.

How does science prove that Jesus really sweat blood?

If there is a violent disturbance of the nervous system, you can sweat blood. This may force the blood pressure in the blood vessels and sweat ducts break from pressure for blood to escape through the sweat pores.

stethoscope

Tool to listen to heart and lungs

What is the scientific term used for the sound the heart makes?

lubb-dubb

When you listen to the heart and it makes the lubb-dubb sound, what is going on during the “lubb”?

The ventricles are contracting and the AV valves close. You are hearing the sound of the vales shutting.

When you listen to the heart and it makes the lubb-dubb sound, what is going on during the “dubb”?

The semilunar valves close, producing the dubb sound. You’ll hear the lubb sound longer and louder than the dubb.

heart murmur

An abnormal sound usually cause by defective heart valves. If the valves do not close properly, blood may leak backward, causing a gurgling sound.

arrhythmia

A heart problem where the heart beats out of rhythm.

What is the greatest cause of death in the United States?

cardiovascular disease (heart disease)

What is the average life expectancy of Americans?

76.4 years old

What 2 organs do the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins connect?

the heart and lungs

What arteries nourish the heart?

The coronary arteries

How are heart attacks caused?

A decrease supply of blood to the hard-working heart muscle.

emboli

clots that clog the arteries

What is the name for a heart attacked caused by emboli floating in the blood?

coronary embolism

What is the medical term for a heart attack?

myocardial infarction

ventricular fibrillation

An arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) is caused by the ventricles quivering vigorously, but are not pumping blood.

defibrillator

Shocks the heart with a direct electrical current to restore the heart to a normal rhythm.

anemia

The inability of the blood to carry enough oxygen.

hemoglobin

The molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen. It contains iron. It makes red blood cells, erythrocytes, appear red.

erythrocytes

The proper name for red blood cells.

leukocytes

The proper name for white blood cells.

platelets

• help in blood clotting

• smaller than red blood cells

• formed in the bone marrow

plasma

The fluid portion of the blood.

What are substances that are transported by the blood?

dissolved foods, wastes, minerals, hormones, and various other substances that cells need to produce.

What are substances that regulate the blood?

proteins and other substances

blood pressure

The amount of pressure the blood puts on artery walls.

How can the body increase blood pressure?

Having the heart pump more blood.

What molecule in erythrocytes carry oxygen?

hemoglobin

Who donates blood to the recipient in an autotransfusion?

Himself

Why is it important to have platelets?

Without them, you would be unable to form blood clots.

What can cause you to have high blood pressure?

tension or stress

Body’s non-specific defences?

inflammation, mucus protection, skin, stomach acid (kills organisms), fever, and cilia movement

pathogens

bacteria and viruses (T cells work to destroy these when you get them)

cilia

finger-like projections that move the mucus and trap organisms in the throat.

What produces antibodies?

plasma cells

antigens

molecules that are foreign to the body

What is the body’s final line of defense?

the immune system

T cells

recognize antigens (molecules that don’t belong in the body)

helper T cell

A type of T cell that activates killer T cells

killer T cells

attack the antigen (molecule that doesn’t belong in the body)

antibodies

destroy the pathogen or inactivate it so that other cells can destroy it

What happens to the body when normal cells are attacked by an autoimmune disease?

It becomes unable to tell the difference between pathogens and normal cells.

immunity

The body’s ability to recognize and respond to a foreign substance.

allergy

An overreaction of the immune system to a nonpathogen.

active immunity

When you have an infection and your immune system has responded.

memory cells

B and T cells left over from attacking antigens that now help your body remember the specific antigen it attacked if it returns for war!

vaccine

a weakened form of the virus or bacterium that still contains antigens

passive immunity

When you receive ready-made antibodies.

What 2 major events changed God’s creation?

Adam and Eve’s disobedience and the Curse God placed on the earth. Both changed the relationship between man and the physical environment.

T and B cells similarities

• Both are part of the immune system

• type of lymphocyte

• play a role in immunity

• respond to a specific antigen

T and B cell differences

• Helper T cells activate other cells

• Killer T cells, once activated, attack the foreign organism or substance.

• Activated B cells produce antibodies

Which kind of immunity is caused by an injection or preformed antobodies?

passive immunity

Types of immune system malfunctions

allergies, autoimmune diseases, and AIDS

kidneys

The filtering organs of the excretory system

nephron

The microscopic unit that filters the blood.

ureter

The tube that leads from a kidney to the bladder.

urinary bladder

A muscular bag that temporarily stores waste liquids before they are passed from the body.

What is the primary function of the excretory system?

To remove wastes from the blood and to release them from the body.

urethra

A muscular tube that leads to the outside of the body.

dialysis

A machine that is used as a substitute kidney

urea

a waste product produced by the action of the liver on ammonia

diabetes mellitus

Occurs when the pancreas, which regulates blood sugar, fails and there is too much sugar in the blood.