exam 2 his

Urbanization

The rapid growth of cities, such as Chicago, due to industrialization, leading to housing, traffic, and infrastructure challenges.

Horatio Alger

A writer known for his stories about individuals who rise from poverty to wealth through hard work and intelligence.

Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer's theory that individuals rise and fall based on their individual merit, leading to the belief in survival of the fittest and the eugenics movement.

Laissez faire

A policy advocating for minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing for free market forces to operate.

Tammany Hall

A political machine in New York City, exemplifying patronage and the negative consequences of laissez faire policies.

Chicago Fire

A devastating fire in 1871 that destroyed a significant portion of the city, highlighting the need for improved fire departments and building codes.

Settlement House

Institutions, like Hull House founded by Jane Addams, that provided resources and support to immigrants and the urban poor.

Upton Sinclair

An author who wrote "The Jungle," exposing the harsh conditions of the meatpacking industry and advocating for industry reform.

Frederick Law Olmsted

A landscape architect who designed parks, like Central Park in New York City, to provide urban residents with access to nature and promote healthy development.

Smoke Abatement League

Organizations that fought against smoke pollution in cities, focusing on industrial sources of smoke and advocating for air pollution regulations.

Moving assembly line

A manufacturing process introduced by Henry Ford that involved the continuous movement of products, leading to increased efficiency and mass production.

Model T

An affordable automobile produced by Ford, emphasizing standardization and mass production.

Fordism

A system of production and labor practices introduced by Henry Ford, including higher wages, mass production, and mass consumption.

River Rouge Plant

A massive automobile manufacturing facility outside of Detroit, designed to integrate all aspects of production.

Fordlandia

Henry Ford's failed attempt to establish a rubber industry in Brazil, highlighting the challenges of controlling natural environments.

Steamships

Inventions that revolutionized transportation and trade, allowing for the global movement of goods and resources.

Gustavus Swift

A businessman who established meat-packing plants and stockyards, contributing to the growth of the American meat industry.

United Fruit Company

A company that became the leading producer of fruit, particularly bananas, and established plantations in Central and South America.

Anaconda Mining Company

A mining company that specialized in copper mining and played a significant role in the electrification of the United States.

Farming the Plains

The transformation of the Great Plains through plowing and farming, leading to ecological changes and the Dust Bowl.

Sodbusters

Farmers who plowed and cultivated the Great Plains, leading to the disruption of the ecosystem and the dust bowl.

John Wesley Powell

A geologist and explorer who warned against the unsustainable farming practices in the Great Plains and advocated for sustainable land use.

Dry farming

A farming technique that involved additional plowing and packing of the soil to conserve moisture and increase crop yields.

Tractors

Agricultural machines that revolutionized farming practices, making them more efficient and less labor-intensive.

Dust Bowl

A period of severe dust storms and ecological devastation in the Great Plains, caused by droughts, poor farming practices, and high winds.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

A government program aimed at stabilizing farm prices and reducing surplus production through land utilization and supply adjustments.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A program that provided employment to young men in conservation projects, such as reforestation and flood control.

Works Progress Administration

A government program that aimed to provide employment to millions of people through various public works projects, including construction and arts initiatives.

Resettlement Administration

A program that aimed to assist struggling farmers by providing new housing, farms, and loans, such as the Arthurdale project.

Farm Security Administration

A government agency that provided loans and assistance to farmers, particularly those most likely to succeed, and documented the effects of the Great Depression through photography, such as Dorothea Lange's work.

Federal Student Aid (FSA)

The largest credit program in the federal government that provides financial assistance to students, although many people may still get turned down.

Dorothea Lange

A photographer hired by the FSA to document the struggles of farmers during the Dust Bowl, known for her powerful portraits of the struggling farmers.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A program aimed at addressing poverty conditions in impoverished communities by electrifying them and creating hydroelectric dams to control rivers and prevent flooding.

Atomic Energy

The development of nuclear fission and the subsequent creation of nuclear bombs during World War II, led by the Manhattan Project and directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Trinity Test

The first successful test of an atomic bomb conducted by the Manhattan Project in Alamogordo, New Mexico in 1945.

Hiroshima

The city in Japan where the United States dropped the first atomic bomb, resulting in the death of thousands of people and ultimately leading to Japan's surrender in World War II.

Bikini Atoll

The site chosen for continued testing of nuclear bombs after World War II, where 26 nuclear bombs were tested.

Hydrogen Bomb

A more powerful bomb developed during the Cold War, known as Operation Greenhouse, which was 450 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Nagasaki.

Shipping Port

A solution to the world's energy problem that resulted in radioactive waste being produced at shipping ports.

Yucca Mountain

A remote location used to store nuclear power waste, which raised concerns about potential ecological issues.

Streetcar Suburbs

Suburbs connected to cities by rail lines, initially accessible only to the wealthiest people.

Home Ownership Loan Corporation (Redlining)

A program that helped people refinance their homes and hold onto them during the Great Depression, but also contributed to neighborhood segregation through redlining practices.

Federal Housing Authority

Established in 1934 to encourage homebuilding and guarantee minimum standards of living, but also selected red-lined lots for development.

Covenant Deed Restrictions

Restrictions placed on property sales to maintain neighborhood segregation, often preventing the sale or lease to non-white or non-Caucasian individuals.

Blockbusting

The practice of encouraging white residents to move out of neighborhoods by introducing African American families, leading to decreased property values and increased segregation.

Solar Home

Energy-efficient homes designed to maximize sunlight in winter and reduce it in summer, but lost popularity with the rise of atomic power plants.

Levittown

A suburban development outside New York that focused on building affordable houses for returning veterans, all of which were Cape Cod style and predominantly white.

Septic Tank

Developed to handle waste in houses not connected to city infrastructure, but can cause problems if the soil is not suitable for absorption.

William Whyte

A researcher concerned about suburban sprawl and the disappearance of nature, advocating for zoning to protect open spaces.

Air Pollution

The issue of air pollution, particularly in industrial cities like Pittsburgh and Los Angeles, caused by factors such as coal heating and automobile emissions.

Silent Spring

A book by Rachel Carson that raised concerns about the impact of pesticides on the environment and led to increased awareness of environmental issues.

Counterculture Movement

A movement that questioned and sought to replace mainstream culture, closely tied with environmentalism and a concern for future generations.

Earth Day

An annual event created to raise awareness and educate people about environmental issues, first celebrated in the 1970s.

Clean Air Act

Legislation aimed at funding research and enforcing regulations to reduce air pollution, particularly from industry and automobiles.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

An agency created to enforce environmental protection laws, with authority over land, air, water, and endangered species, but limited by state laws and industry influence.

Clean Water Act

Legislation aimed at preventing water pollution by monitoring and regulating industries' release of toxic waste into water sources.

Endangered Species Act

Legislation aimed at protecting endangered species from extinction, inspired by the decline of the California Condor and other species.

Endangered Species

Species that are at risk of extinction due to the eradication of their habitats.

Habitat Protection

The act of preserving the natural environment of endangered species to ensure their survival.

Keep America Beautiful

An organization that aimed to end littering and promote cleanliness, primarily through consumer-focused initiatives.

Iron Eyes Cody

The actor who appeared in the "crying Indian" commercial, which aimed to raise awareness about pollution and littering.

Love Canal

A site where toxic substances were buried underground, causing harm to the surrounding community and leading to the establishment of environmental regulations.

Strip Mining

A method of mining that involves removing the top layers of the earth to extract resources such as coal.

Widow Ollie Combs

A prominent activist who protested against strip mining and fought for the rights of affected farmers.

Appalachian Group to Save the Land and the People

An organization that used civil rights movement methods to protest against strip mining and advocate for environmental justice.

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA)

A law that regulates strip mining activities and requires companies to restore the land after mining operations.

Mountaintop Removal

A mining technique that involves leveling entire mountains to access coal deposits.

Coal River Mountain Watch

A group of concerned citizens who monitored air pollution and challenged permits related to mountaintop removal mining.

Judy Bonds

An activist who fought against mountaintop removal mining and its negative impacts on communities.

PCBs

Polychlorinated Biphenyls, a group of toxic chemicals that were widely used as coolants in industrial applications.

Shocco Landfill

A landfill where PCBs were illegally dumped, leading to environmental contamination.

Environmental Justice

The principle that all people, regardless of their socioeconomic status, should have equal access to a clean and healthy environment.

NIMBY

An acronym for "Not in My Backyard," referring to the opposition of local communities to the placement of environmentally harmful facilities in their vicinity.

Warren County

The location where PCBs were illegally dumped, sparking the environmental justice movement.

Toxic Dumps

Landfills where solid waste, including hazardous materials, is disposed of.

Frontline Communities

Marginalized communities that are disproportionately affected by environmental injustices.

Chicago Heat Wave

A heatwave in 1995 that resulted in numerous deaths, highlighting the disproportionate impact of extreme weather events on vulnerable populations.

Paul and Anne Ehrlich

Authors of the book "The Population Bomb," which discussed the environmental consequences of overpopulation.

Sustainable Development

A concept that aims to improve human quality of life while considering the long-term environmental and social impacts.

Colin J

Author of "End of Cheap Oil," who warned about the decline of oil resources and advocated for alternative energy sources.

Prius

The first hybrid electric car developed by Toyota, which aimed to reduce carbon emissions and promote energy efficiency.

Kyoto Protocol

An international agreement that aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Battle of Seattle

Protests against the World Trade Organization's promotion of free trade agreements without considering environmental and social impacts.

Anarchism

A political ideology that opposes hierarchical authority and advocates for a society based on voluntary cooperation and mutual aid.

An Inconvenient Truth

A documentary by Al Gore that raised awareness about climate change and its potential consequences.

350.org

An organization that advocates for reducing carbon dioxide levels to a safe limit of 350 parts per million to mitigate climate change.

Appalachia Rising

A movement that combined concerns about mountaintop removal mining and climate change to advocate for environmental and social justice.

Gasland

A documentary by Josh Fox that exposed the environmental and health impacts of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) for natural gas extraction.

Keystone XL Protest

Protests against the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline, which aimed to transport tar sands oil and was seen as environmentally damaging.

Civil Disobedience

The act of intentionally breaking a law or rule as a form of protest or resistance.

Power Shift

A movement led by youth organizations to address climate change and advocate for sustainable practices.

Fracking

The process of extracting natural gas or oil from underground by injecting high-pressure water and chemicals into rock formations.

PNC Protests

Demonstrations targeting PNC Bank due to their financing of mountaintop removal (MTR) coal mining, which caused environmental damage. PNC eventually changed their policy.

Paris Agreement

An international treaty signed in 2015, aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change.

Tipping Point

The point at which a series of small changes or incidents becomes significant enough to cause a larger, more dramatic effect.

Standing Rock

A protest movement against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, led by Ladonna Brave Bullard Allard and others, due to concerns about pollution and the impact on native land and rivers, particularly the Missouri River.