CH 3: Anatomy

Anatomy

anatomy is naming structures

Anatomical positions

- Standing up

- head forward

- toes forward

- palms foward

Directional Terms

Based on the assumption that the body is in anatomical position

Supine

Laying on the back

Prone

face down

Lateral

farther from the median plane

Distal

farther from the trunk

posterior

Nearer to the back

anterior

Nearer to the front

inferior

Nearer to the feet

superior

Nearer to the head

proximal

nearer to the trunk

Medial

Nearer to the median plane

starting reference point

specifies location of specific body parts relative to other body parts

body planes

• divides the body in anatomical position

• at right angles to each other

• describes movements parallel to the planes

Midsaggital /Saggital /Median Plane

• divided the body into right and left halves

• parallel to the median plane

movements in the saggital plane AND examples

flection and extension of body parts

examples are squatting and bicep curls

Frontal/Coronal Plane

• divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

movements in frontal/coronal plane AND examples

• abduction and adduction of limbs

• examples include jumping jacks and lateral raises

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections.

movements of transverse plane

rotation

centre of gravity

the point where the body's mass is located when in anatomical position

male centre of gravity

below the umbilical cord

female centre of gravity

around the pelvis

flexion and extension (action, reference and example)

• Action: reduces/increases angles between joints

• Reference: Saggittal plane

• example: bicep curls.

abduction and adduction (action, reference and example)

• Action: moves limbs away/toward midline

• Reference: Frontal plane

• Example: lateral arm raises & jumping jacks

pronation and supination (action, reference and example)

• Action: palm faces posterior/anterior

• Reference: transverse plane

• example: holding bowl of soup

dorsi-flexion and plantar flexion (action, reference and example)

• Action: foot up/foot plants

• Reference: saggittal plane

• example: toe raise

inversion and eversion (action, reference and example)

• Action: soles move in/out

• Reference: frontal plane

• example: rolling over ankle

  into and away from midline

medial/internal rotation & lateral/external rotation (action, reference and example)

• Action: flexed forearms moves in/out

• Reference: transverse plane

• example: opening and closing doors

  moves towards and away from midline

circumduction

• Action: flexion/extension + abduction/adduction

• reference: transverse plane and sagittal

• not rotation

• cone of movement

division of the human skeleton

axial and appendicular

axial skeleton bones

• Cranium (skull)

• sternum

• ribs

• vertebrae (vertebral column)

• sacrum

axial skeleton characteristics

• 80 bones in total

• supports, stabilizes and protects vital organs

• part of the midline

appendicular skeleton bones

1. clavicle

2. shoulder blade/scapula

3. upper limb

4. pelvic bone

5. lower bone

appendicular skeleton characteristics

• 126 bones

• responsible for a large portion of movement

short bones (examples and functions)

• examples: carpals and tarsals

• function: shock absorbers

long bones (examples and function)

• examples: femur and humerus

• function: levers

flat bones (examples and function)

• example: skull, scapula, ribs

• functions: protect organs

irregular bones (examples and function)

• example: facial bones and vertebrae

• functions: special functions

sesamoid

• exists within tendons

• example: patella

• function: leverage

classes of bone tissue

1. compact/cortical: strong, resists force, heavy

2. spongy/cancellous: makes bone lightweight

bone composition

• calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (60%-70% of bone)

• collagen protein: gives bone flexibility

• water (20% of bone)

muscle types

1. skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle)

2. cardiac (involuntary)

3. smooth (involuntary): found in digestive system

A Joint

connection between two or more bones

classes of joints and function

1. fibrous joints: made of fibrous tissue

2. cartilaginous joints: made of cartilage

3. synovial joint: allow the most movements

components of synovial joints

• joint capsule

• joint cavity

• hyaline cartilage

• ligaments

• synovial fluid

uniaxial

movement about one axis

biaxial joints

movement about two perpendicular axes

multiaxial joints

movement across all three axis

types of synovial joints

• pivot

• gliding

• hinge

• saddle

• condyloid

• ball and socket

pivot joints

• one bone rotates around one axis (uniaxial)

• eg; neck

gliding joints

• bone surface involved are nearly flat

• uniaxial gliding

• eg: acromioclavicular joints

hinge joints

• convex and concave articulating surfaces

• uniaxial flexion extension

• eg: elbow

saddle

• bones set together like setting on a horse

• biaxial: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction

• eg: thumb

condyloid

• ovular convex shape and reciprocal concave surfaces

• biaxial: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction

• eg: knuckles

ball and socket joint

• rounded bone fitted into a cup-like receptacle

• multiaxial

• eg: hip

epiphyseal line/growth plate

where the bone grows in length

proximal epiphysis

end of the bone closer to the centre of the body

diaphysis

shaft of the bone

periosteum

outer covering of the bone

distal epiphysis

end of the bone farther from the centre of the body

cancellous bone + red marrow

red blood cells

medullary cavity + yellow marrow

white blood cells

articular cartilage

the smooth, white connective tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form joints