Chemistry- Properties of substances and mixtures

Solute

Part that gets dissolved

Solvent

Part that does the dissolving

Electrolytes

Materials that dissolve into water to enable the resulting solutio to conduct an electric current

Dilution equation

MV(concentrated) = MV(dilute)

Finding concentration equation

Concentration of ion = concentration of solution x ion subscript

How to prepare a solution given a solid

1. Solve for moles of solute

2. Convert moles to grams

3. Measure grams into a volumetric flask. Add water to dissolved. Fill to calibration mark

How to prepare a solution given a concentrated solution

1. Solve for volume needed for the concentrated solution

2. Measure the volume using a pipet or graduated cylinder. Add to a volumetric flask. Add water to dissolve. Fill to calibration mark

Always add acids to ____

Water

How does a solution form?

1. The solute expands or sperates into its components

2. The solution expands the solvent or seperates into its components

3. Solute and solvent interact to create the solution

When the solvent expands it _____ energy

Requires

When the solute and solvent create a solution It _____ energy

Releases

Aqueous solution

A solution in which water is the dissolving solvent

Hydration

The interaction between solute particles and water molecules

Whatre ionic compounds are always soluble

nitrates (NO3 -), alkali metals (first collumn), and ammonium (NH4 +)

Cl-, Br-, I- are soluable except when paired with ____

Pb 2+, Hg2 2+, Ag +

Sulfates (SO4 2-) Are soluble except when paired with

Pb 2+, Hg2 2+, Ca 2+, Ba 2+

Filtration

Seperating components of a mixture containing small particles

Distillation

Seperating components of a liquid mixture using vaporization

Chromatography

Seperating a mixture by passing it through a medium in which components move at different rates

Chrmatography equation

Rf = component / solvent

Is a polar compound more likley to move farther in a polar solvent or a nonpolar solvent?

A polar compound in a plar substance is more likely to move further because it has stronger attraction

PC solvents are good at dissolving

ionic compounds and polar covalent compounds

NPC compounds are good at dissolving

NPC compounds

hydrophilic

water locing (PC)

hydrophobic

water-fearing (NPC)

pressure

gases are more likely to dissolve when the pressure is increased increasing solubility

temperature

increased temperature can increase solubility (higher temps allow for more movement among particles so theyre more likely to come into contact with each other)

surface area

increased surface area of solute can increase solubility (solute is more likely to come into contact with solvent)

frequence and wavelength have a _______ relation

inverse

different types of electromagnetic radiation have different _____

wavelengths

wavelengths from shortest to longest

Gamma ray, x-ray, uv, visible light, infared, microwave, radiowave

Colors from uv to infared

(380) Violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red (750)

Microwave measures molecular ______

Rotations

Infared measures moleculre _____

Vibrations

Uv measures ________

Absorbance of uv and visible light

Different colors represent different ______ which correspond to different ______

Wavelengths, amounts of energy

How atoms emit energy

Energy is released to the ground state then back up the excited state then back down to the ground state where it releases photon

Bohr model

Electorns move in orbits that correspond to the different energy levels. Electrons cna jump orbits by absorbing or emitting photons

What can a uv-vis spectrophotometer detect

Absrobance and transmittance.

When a color is seen, the _____ color is abosrbed

Oppoisite

When there is an outlier below the line

There is too much water in the solution

When there is an outlier above the line

The absorbance rises