bio and chem

Photosphere

what we see

chromosphere

2nd relative layer

above photosphere

Corona

outermost layer of the sun

Core

site of nuclear fusion

Radiation Zone

2nd from core

Convection Zone

3rd from core

Solar wind

high solar energy particles from sun
makes Aurora Borealis (North), Aurora Australis (South)

prominences

storms; arches

solar flares

more intense than prominences; 15 min

sunspots

cool black storm areas

Sun

nuclear fusion from H to He

Venus

hottest; morning star

Moon

period of rotation = period of revolution

Mars

“red planet”

Uranus

moves counter-clockwise

Jupiter

Overly-dense and can absorb more gases

polaris

North star; tip of little dipper

sirius

brightest star

ursa major

big bear/dipper

ursa minor

lil bear/dipper

canis major

big dog/sirius

canis minor

lil dog

orion

hunter

proxima centauri

closest star but too small

alpha centauri

closest star but visible

pegasus

the winged horse

spring

strong/straight tides

neap

weak, right angle

comets

head of ice and rocks, dust and gas tails pointe daway from sun

oceanic-oceanic

volcanoes, trenches

oceanic-convergent

mountain ranges

divergent

mid-ocean ridges

continent-continent

tall mountains

magnitude

size (Richter Scale 1-10)

intensity

amount of damage (Mercalli Scale 1-12)

Focus

Origin

Epicenter

Surface above focus

igneous

from lava: granite, basalt

metamorphic

heat n pressure; marble, slate

sedimentary

from other rocks, eroded to LOWER areas, sandstone, shale

Theory of Continental Drift Evidences

1. Mountain Ranges

2. Fossils (Mesosaurus)

3. Palm Tree Fossils in Antartica

4. Glacier and Gravity in Africa

5. Paleomagnetism

Cenozoic

Laurasia - Europe, NA, Asia

Mesozoic

Pangaea - Gondwana land (AT, SA, AF, AU)

Global Warming

heating up of earth, gh gases

Melting of polar icecaps (Global Warming)

Excess Flooding

Climate Change

Increased Typhoons

Spring

March 21, Equinox

Summer

June 21, Solstice

Fall

September 23, Equinox

Winter

Dec 22, Solstice

What are the building blocks of Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

What are the building blocks of Protein?

Amino Acids

What are the building blocks of Lipids?

Fatty acids, glycerol

What are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

What has no true nucleus, and no membrane-bound organelles, mostly uni-cellular

Prokaryotic Cells

What has a true nucleus, and has membrane-bound organelles, both uni & multi-cellular

Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Membrane

cell communication and transport

genetic material

storage of genetic information

ribosomes

protein synthesis

golgi apparatus

transportation of proteins and other cellular components

endoplasmic reticulum

protein synthesis and lipid production

mitochondria

ATP synthesis

lysosome

cellular digestion

chloroplast

photosynthesis

vacuole

storage of food and other cellular components

cell wall

structural support, protection, controls cell transportation

centrioles

production of spindle fibers during cell division

Prokaryote Exclusive Organelles

• Nucleoid Region

• Capsule

• Plasmid - extra, circular DNA

• pilli

What is the unique organelle/s for an animal cell?

Centriole

What is the unique organelle/s for a plant cell?

• Chloroplast

• Plasmodesma

• Cell Wall

What process of cell division creates 2 diploids?

Mitosis

Somatic or Body Cells

Mitosis

Gametes or Sperm Cells

Meiosis

What process of cell division creates 4 haploids?

Meiosis

Undergoes PMAT Twice

Meiosis

Same Amount Of Chromosomes; growth and repair

Mitosis

Half Amount Of Chromosomes; reproduction

Meiosis

Development of Angiosperms (Male)

Microsporogenesis / Microgametogenesis

Development of Angiosperms (Female)

Megasporogenesis / Megagametogenesis

How many sperms are produced in Spermatogenesis?

4 sperm cells (SAME AMT FOR SPERMATIDS)

What are the products of Oogenesis?

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

Where does Calvin Cycle belong to?

Photosynthesis, Light-Independent Reactions

Fermentation

anaerobic respiration, replaces Kreb Cycle

This type of fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid

Lactic Acid Fermentation

This type of fermentation converts glucose into ethyl acid

Ethanol Fermentation

Which type of passive transport goes from HIGH TO LOW concentration?

Diffusion

Which type of passive transport goes from LOW TO HIGH concentration?

Osmosis

Which type of passive transport crosses a semi-permeable membrane?

Osmosis

What is the Phenotype ratio of Heterozygous x Homozygous

1:1

What is the Phenotype ratio of Heterozygous x Heterozygous

3:1

What is the Genotype ratio of Heterozygous x Heterozygous

1 Rr : 2 RR : 1 rr

What is DNA replication?

The process by which DNA makes an identical copy of itself before cell division.

Purpose of DNA replication?

To ensure each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA.

“unzipped” strand, two complete double-chains

What is transcription?

The process of copying a DNA sequence into mRNA.
From Adenine-Thymine to Adenine-Uracil

RNA replaces which DNA base?

Thymine (T) is replaced by Uracil (U)

Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics

DNA → RNA → Protein

DNA stores information → RNA carries information → Protein performs functions

What is translation?

RNA used for template for SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS
3 bases code for one amino acid

Kingdoms (Photosynthetic)

Plantae, Eubacteria, Protista

Kingdoms (Not Unicellular)

Plantae, Animalia