AP Biology Unit 2 Test Review

Prokaryotic cells

Have no nucleus, contain DNA in nucleoid, no membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, containing DNA organized into chromosomes. They are often larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, and examples include plant and animal cells.

Cell structure

Plasma membrane(selectively permeable, determines what comes in and out of cell), double layer of phospholipids, cytosol, chromosomes(carry genes) and ribosomes(produce protein)

Nucleus 

Contains most of the cell’s DNA, has nuclear envelope which has a double membrane & each membrane contains a lipid bilayer, encloses the nucleus from the cytosol. Control center of the cell, regulates gene expression and function 

Ribosomes

Made up of ribosomal RNA and protein, produce protein using information from DNA and carry out protein synthesis in smooth ER and rough ER

Golgi Apparatus

Has cisternae which are flattened membranous sacs, modifies products of the ER, ships and packages materials into the transport vesicles

ER

Accounts for more than half the membrane, is continuous with the nuclear envelope, smooth ER has no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids, stores calcium, and metabolizes carbs, while rough ER has ribosomes and produces proteins and membranes 

Lysosomes

Use enzymes to recycle organelles and maromolecules which is called autophagy, have hydrolytic enzymes, function is to hydrolyze protein, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids 

mitochondria

Has a smooth outer surface, and the inner surface is folded into cisterae. Folding creatures more surface area for enzymes to synthesize ATP, and creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

Vacuole

Membranous sacs with varied functions. Food vacuoles- formed by phagocytosis, contractile vacuoles- found in freshwater protists and pump excess water out of cells, central vacuoles- found in plants and hold organic compounds with water

vesicles

smaller than vacuoles, provide short term storage and transport

chloroplast

Structure includes thykaloids, stroma, membranous sacs, and internal fluid. Is a type of plastic which contains chlorophyll and enzymes that function in photosynthesis. Found in leaves of plants and in algae

Plastids

Structure includes a double membrane, these are small organelles in the cytoplasm that contain pigment or food. They contribute to the cell’s metabolism by promoting growth and development of the cell

peroxisomes

structure includes specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane, these are oxidative organelles that undergo oxidation reactions and produce hydrogen peroxide & convert it to water. They said in the breakdown of lipids.