KingChiro - Part One Boards: Physiology

Which part of the eye contains the most photosensitive cells?

Fovea

Opening of voltage gated potassium channels causes what?

Repolarization

Entry of sodium into Na/K gates causes?

Depolarization

What are rods for?

Dim light vision

What characterizes the relative refractory period?

Absence of excitability

What is the vital capacity equal to?

Tidal volume + IRV + ERV

What is the most common neuron type?

Pseudounipolar neurons

What stores calcium in a skeletal muscle cell?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

What do A-bands contain?

Actin and myosin

What do M-bands contain?

Myosin

What do I-bands contain?

Actin

What secretes calcitonin?

Thyroid gland

Muscle contraction with NO JOINT MOVEMENT is?

Isometric

What type of contraction carries muscle shortening during contraction?

Isotonic

What type of contraction is muscle shortening as a result of contraction at a constant rate?

Isokinetic

Uracil is only found in?

RNA

S2 sound is?

Semilunar valves closing

Universal blood recipient?

AB

Loop of henle least permeable to?

Water (thick portion absorbs less water, thin is able)

The T wave is what?

Ventricle repolarization (relax)

Synthesis, storage, and release of antibodies is primary function of?

Plasma cells

What causes reabsorption of sodium from distal convoluted tubule?

Aldosterone (sodium is low)

What facilitates conversion of angiotensin I to II?

Renin

Which have preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

White rami communicantes (gray are postgang)

Regular inspiration is controlled by?

Dorsal neuron of medulla oblongata

Which center of the brain acts as a switch for inspiratory signals, controlling rate and depth?

Pneumotaxic center

What center of brain delays ramp signal to increase the depth of breathing?

Apneustic center

What center of the brain controls expiration?

Ventral neuron

___________, more myelinated fibers have faster nerve conduction

Larger

What is purpose of secretin?

Decrease gastric mobility by decreasing secretion of HCL (gastrin stimulates HCL)

Where is macula densa located?

distal convoluted tubule (senses changes in NaCl)

What type of receptor is pacinian corpuscle?

mechanoreceptor

Residual volume + vital capacity?

total lung capacity

Adrenal medulla receives _____________ fibers, adrenal cortex receives _______________ fibers

Pregang symp; postgang symp

Calcium absorption is increased by vitamin ___?

D

Hyperventilation causes?

Respiratory alkalosis

Which node is the origin of the impulse for contraction of myocardium?

SA node

Under normal circumstances, the largest volume of blood is located where?

Large veins

What are the supporting tissues of CNS?

Oligodendrocytes

What portion of the adrenal glands secretes aldosterone?

Zona glomerulosa

Production of RNA in nucleus is?

Transcription

Which NTs are excitatory?

NE, glutamate, nitric oxide

Which NTs are inhibitory?

ACH, dopamine, glycine, GABA, serotonin

Which touch receptors are not encapsulated?

Merkel's discs

When is an action potential NOT POSSIBLE?

Absolute refractory period

Can an action potential occur during the relative refractory period?

Yes, with increased potential

What is spatial summation?

Many synapses in one cell

What is temporal summation?

Rapid succession of action potential with few synapses

What midbrain structure coordinates eye movement?

Superior colliculus

What midbrain structure coordinates head and trunk movement with auditory stimuli?

Inferior colliculus

What medullary structure functions in consciousness and arousal?

Reticular formation

What area of brain is for speech interpretation?

Wernicke's

What area of brain is for speech production?

Broca's

What area of the brain does coordination of muscle contraction?

Cerebellum

What heart node prevents tetany?

SA node

What is it called when SA node dies and AV node takes over?

Ectopic focus

What is the force exerted by a fluid against a wall?

hydrostatic pressure

What is created by plasma proteins unable to move through capillary membrane?

Osmotic pressure

Which coagulation factor for hemophilia A?

VIII

Which coagulation factor for hemophilia B (Christmas disease)?

IX

What is the most common bleeding disorder?

von Willebrand disease (decreased vWF decreases factor VIII)

What is the life expectancy of RBCs?

120 days

What are the granulocytes?

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils (BEN)

What are the leukocytes MC to LC?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

What are the agranulocytes?

monocytes and lymphocytes

What covers actin's binding sites?

Tropomyosin

What binds calcium and moves tropomyosin off binding site?

Troponin

What is needed for smooth muscle contraction?

calmodulin

Why does rigor mortis occur after death?

Cross bridges are made but can't release

What is edema of the whole body?

Anasarca

What cells form the filtration membrane in the kidney?

Podocytes

What are the mechanoreceptors for blood pressure in the kidney?

Juxtaglomerular cells

What causes respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilation

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilation

What causes metabolic acidosis?

diarrhea (hyperventilation compensates)

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

Vomit (hypoventilation compensates)

What does Rathke's pouch become?

Anterior pituitary gland

What hormones made by posterior pituitary?

ADH and oxytocin

What hormone in zona glomerulosa?

Aldosterone

What hormone in zona fasciculata?

Cortisol

What hormone in zona reticularis?

Testosterone

What are the lymphoid tissues of the ileum?

Peyer's patches

What are the two fuel sources in phase one of exercise?

Creatine phosphate and glycogen

What happens during phase two of exercise?

Shift to aerobic metabolism, uses fatty acids

What happens during phase three of exercise?

Back to anaerobic metabolism, use remaining stored glycogen, lactic acid accumulates

Type I muscle fibers use what pathway?

Aerobic (II uses anaerobic)

Which fibers are FAST, twice as large as slow twitch, forceful, and have rapid contraction?

A fibers

Which fibers are SLOW and best for endurance and prolonged stretches?

C fibers