Human Growth and Development Exam 1 -- Theories of Development

psychoanalytic theory - Freud

developmental theory: there are 5 stages driven by biological (psychosexual) need; irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior

theory

set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain certain phenomena

oral stage

the lips, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body, and sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activities

birth to 1 year

what age range is the oral stage in the psychosexual stages

anal stage

the anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body, and toilet training is the most important activity

1-3 years

what is the age range for the anal stage in the psychosexual stages

phallic stage

the phallus, or penis, is the most important body part, and pleasure is derived from genital stimulation

3-6 years

what is the age range of the phallic stage in the psychosexual stages

latency

not really a stage, more of an interlude; sexual needs are quiet; psychic energy flows into sports, schoolwork, and friendship

6-11 years

what is the age range of the latency stage of the psychosexual stages

genital stage

the genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and satisfaction in heterosexual relationships

12 years and older

what is the age range of the genital stage in the psychosexual stages

psychoanalytic theory - Erikson

developmental theory that considers the environment and has 8 developmental stages based on family and culture; interaction of biological and social influences and emphasis on rational, adaptive nature

trust vs. mistrust

babies either trust that others will satisfy their basic needs or develop mistrust about the care of others

birth to 1 year

what is the age range for the trust vs. mistrust stage of erikson's psychosocial stages

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

children either become self-sufficient in many activities or doubt their own abilities/lack of confidence

1-3 years

what is the age range for autonomy vs. shame and doubt in erikson's psychosocial stages

initiative vs. guilt (locomotor stage)

children either try to undertake many adultlike activities or internalize the limits and prohibitions set by parents; feel adventurous or guilty (I am always wrong)

3-6 years

what is the age range for Erikson's initiative vs. guilt psychosocial stage

industry vs. inferiority

children busily practice and then master new skills or feel inferior, unable to do anything well (external shame and doubt, "I am not as good as other people")

6-11 years

what is the age range of Erikson's industry vs. inferiority psychosocial stage

identity vs. role confusion

adolescents ask themselves "Who am I?"; they establish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities or are confused about their roles

12-20 years

what is the age range of Erikson's identity vs role confusion psychosocial stage

intimacy vs. isolation

young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated from others, fearing rejection

20-40 years

what is the age range for intimacy vs. isolation in Erikson's psychosocial stages

generativity vs. stagnation

middle-aged adults contribute to future generations through work, creative activities, and parenthood or they stagnate; what kind of world will I leave the next generation

40-65

what is the age range of generativity vs. stagnation in Erikson's psychosocial stages

integrity vs. despair

older adults try to make sense of their lives, either seeing life as a meaningful whole or despairing at goals never reached; did I live a meaningful life

65 years and older

what is the age range of integrity vs. despair in Erikson's psychosocial stages

learning theory

developmental theory that is also called behaviorism; describes how behavior is learned and only considers the environment

classical conditioning

subcategory of the learning theory: associate a meaningful stimulus to anaturally occurring stimulus

operant conditioning

subcategory of the learning theory: behavior becomes more or less probable depending on the consequences it produces

social learning

subcategory of the learning theory: behavior is learned through observation of others

reinforcements

increases the strength of the behavior

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase the strength of a behavior

negative reinforcement

removing an undesirable stimulus to increase the strength of a behavior

punishment

decreases the strength of the behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease the strength of a behavior

negative punishment

removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the strength of a behavior

cognitive theory - piaget

developmental theory that children think differently at different ages and construct knowledge from their experiences, rather than absorb

cognitive adaptation

process of adjusting to the demands of environment

assimilation

new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into old ideas

accommodation

old ideas are restructured to include new experiences

conflict/disequilibrium

the new experience does not fit into old ideas

new equilibrium

understanding is advanced and more scheme

children are active and motivated learners and think differently at different ages; construct knowledge from experiences rather than absorb and physical and social interactions are essential for development

what is piaget’s cognitive theory based on

assimilation, conflict, accommodation, new equilibrium

what are the 4 steps of cognitive adaptation

birth to 2 years

what is the age range for the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's cognitive theory

2-6 years

what is the age range for the preoperational stage in Piaget's cognitive theory

6-11 years

what is the age range for the concrete operational stage in Piaget's cognitive theory

12 years through adulthood

what is the age range for the formal operational stage in Piaget's cognitive theory

sensorimotor stage

Piaget's cognitive theory: deal with the world directly through their perceptions and actions, unable to use symbols to help solve problems, infants learn that objects still exist when out of sight

object permanence

what is the biggest skill developed during Piaget's sensorimotor stage at approximately 8 months old

egocentrism

what is the biggest skill developed during Piaget’s preoperational stage

preoperational stage

piaget's cognitive theory: developed the capacity for symbolic thought

egocentrism

perception of the world in relation to oneself only

concrete operational

piaget's cognitive theory: can problem solve with concrete objects but not hypothetical/abstract concepts; egocentrism disappears; develop conservation

conservation

what is the most important development in Piaget's concrete operational stage

conservation

the properties of an object do not change when its appearance is altered

formal operations

piaget's cognitive theory: able to think abstractly and hypothetically; plan and test ideas experimentally and can imagine results; ethics, politics, social, and moral issues

evolutionary theory

developmental theory where evolution interacts between genes and environment, suggests genetic variations are particularly beneficial when the environment changes and benefits humanity as a whole; biological based drives: survival and reproduction

sociocultural theory - vygotsky

developmental theory that suggests culture is integral to a person's development; thought that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society

zone of proximal development

skills, knowledge, and concepts that the learner is close to acquiring but cannot master without help

nature

is Freud's psychoanalytical theory nature, nurture, or both

both

is Erikson's psychoanalytical theory nature, nurture, or both

nurture

is the learning theory/behaviorism nature, nurture, or both

both

is Piaget's cognitive theory nature, nurture, or both

both

is the evolutionary theory nature, nurture, or both

both

is the sociocultural theory nature, nurture, or both