neurophysiology- PNS Afferent & Efferent

what part of the body is the olfactory sense associated with?

nose

what part of the body is the optic sensory associated with?

eye

what parts of the body is the vagus motor associated with?

heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrionestiral tract

what parts of the body is the vagus sensory associated with?

heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrionestiral tract, trachea, larynx, pharynx, external ear

what parts of the body is the vestibulochcolear sensory associated with?

inner ear

what are mechanoreceptors?

tactile receptors (touch), nocieptors (pain), baroreceptors (pressure), proprioceptros (position), auditory receptors (hearing), equilibrioceptors (equilibrium and balance) (TPPPHB)

what are chemoreceptors?

olfactory receptors (smell), gustatory receptors (taste), nocipetors (pain)

what are thermoreceptors?

thermal receptors (cold and hot) and nociceptors (pain)

what is an osmoreceptor?

osmolarity of ISF

what is a photoreceptor?

vision

what is the peripheral nervous system broken into?

cranial and spinal nerves

what is the schematic order of the nervous system?

sensory info → receptors → afferent division → CNS → Efferent division (SRACE)

What is an exteroceptor(external environment)?

• somatic & general senses ex. hand feeling temp, pain, vibration

• special senses ex. eyes, ears, nose, mouth

what is a proprioceptor (musculoskeletal in your joints and tendons)?

• positional senses

• ex. if you put your hand behind your head, even though you cant see it your muscles send info to the brain

what is an interoceptor (interval enviroment)?

• visceral senses

• ex. gut and blood vessels 

After the efferent division what is it broken up into?

Somatic nervous system (SNS) & Autonomic system (ANS)

what is after the somatic nervous system?

stimulates motor neurons → skeleteal muscles

ex. increasing awareness while walking cause of loud footsteps at night

what is after the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system and enteric nervous system 

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

fight or flight response

what is the autonomic nervous system?

rest and digest response

what do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system lead to?

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, some endocrine glands and adipose 

• cant consciously control with your brain

what is the enteric nervous system?

leads to digestive organs and receptors only

where can you find the enteric nervous system? 

• in your GI tract (nerve network)

• fibers communicate with brain

what are blue fibers?

motor fibers that are efferent

what are red fibers?

sensory fibers that are afferent

how many cranial pairs are there?

12 cranial pairs

are cranial pairs efferent, afferent or mixed?

they can be efferent, afferent or mixed

what kind of axons does the dorsal root (back, posterior) contain?

sensory nerve fibers with unipolar neurons 

what does the dorsal root do?

leaves the spinal chord and fuses with the spinal nerve

do dorsal and ventral ramus have afferent, efferent or mixed receptors?

they can have all

what is the spinal nerve made of?

fusion of the dorsal and ventral root

what is the ventral root?

the front with no ganglion

which does the sympathetic nervous system have in the sympathetic chain ganglia?

cell bodies

what is the intervertebral foramen?

hole between 2 vertebraes when they stack on top of each other 

what comes out of the intervertebral foramen?

spinal nerves

what is spinal stenosis?

when the hole is getting smaller and thinner 

how can the hole get smaller and thinner?

if they are not nicely spaced out

what happens when the holes get smaller and thinner?

a degeneration of the disc making the lumen smaller causing it to loose water and pinch a nerve ex. syatica

what does the same thing as spinal synopsis?

bone spurs

what is fibrocartilage?

strongest cartilage in the body that keeps the pad spaced hydrant and buoyant 

how is the fibrocartilage hydrant and buoyant?

many solutes are attracted

what is intervertebral water?

the fluid between the discs with low osmotic pressure 

what is the ganglion?

aggregation of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

what type of neurons hang out in the ganglion?

unipolar neurons

What is in the grey matter of the vertebrae?

a central canal

what is in the central canal?

cerebral spinal fluid that circulating that causes appendable cells

what is the rapid reflex?

allows to skip going to the brain because of the interneuron ex. when you touch something hot

what is the homunculi?

mix of organs and extremities that represent the sensitivity or degree of control of sensory recepotors

what can the homunculi show if you have big lips as an example?

you will have lots of neurons that are controlling the movement of your lips since there are many fibers 

what is the pre-central gyrus?

primary somatomotor cortex

where is the pre-central gyrus?

frontal lobe

what is the post central gyrus?

primary somatosensory cortex

where is the post central gyrus?

parietal lobe

what can cause a pinched nerve?

• bone spurs

• thinning disc

• herniated disc

• degenerated disc

how do an AP get fired with a response to the brain?

stimulus → graded potential → AP → brain for response

what is the AP measuring in the receptor?

velocity frequency

what is a tonic receptor?

as long as you are able to hold a stimulus there will be a receptor to your brain as it will slowly adapt, you will keep feeling it 

what is a phasic receptor?

rapidly adapt as it goes away fast, holds the stimulus as long as you want and will get some GP and AP before they will disappear (feel it first then go away)

what is an example of a phasic receptor?

tactile receptors (feeling, touch) & olfaction

what is an example of tonic receptors?

pain

what are the somatic (general) senses?

sense of touch, vibration, pain, pressure, stretch and temperature 

what are the nerve endings on hair follicles called?

mechanoreceptors

what is another word for free nerve endings that control pain and temperature?

dendrites 

what is merkels disc?

uni-cellular single cell mechanical receptors that sense light touch

what is messiness corpuscle (deeper down)?

responsible for light touch in the dermis not epidermis 

what are the hair follicles receptor responsible for?

touch

what is Piezo2?

affects all mechanoreceptors except pain and temp

what is pacinian (or lamellated) corpuscle?

vibration and can sense deeper pressure

what is Ruffini corpuscle?

stretch (grabbing a chunk of your skin)

what type of channels does the Ruffini corpuscle work with?

mechanically piezo2 channels

what makes your skin bounce back (recoil)?

elasticity

what makes your skin not ripe off the whole body when your pull your skin?

collagen

what are the 2 layers of skin?

epidermis and dermis

is epidermis the top or bottom layer of the skin?

top

is dermis the top or bottom layer of the skin?

bottom

which layer and what is it called that is not part of the skin?

3rd layer, hypodermis

which temps activate pain receptors?

noxious hot and noxious cold

what is vicks that warms you called?

camphor (TRPV)

what is vicks that cold you called?

menthol (TRPM)

what temperature is TRPA?

noxious cold

what temperature is TRPM?

cold & cool

what temperature is TRPV?

warm hot & noxious hot

what do TRPs do?

activate receptors, so not changing the temp of your skin or tissue just perception

what is lower your skin temp or body temp?

skin temp

what is nociception?

pain

what is analgesia?

medigation of pain 

what is an antihistamine?

block histamine by reducing swelling/inflammation

what is an example of antihistamines?

Benadryl and Zyrtec

what is an NSAIDs?

cox inhibtor which produces prostaglandins, block=reduce pain

what is an example of NSAIDs?

aspiring and ibuprofen

what does sensitive pain neurons cause?

delor (pain) form buildup

what are examples of sensitive pain neurons?

histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin

what is lidocaine?

a local anesthetic that blocks voltage gated sodium channels

what is going on when you have had lidocaine?

you get the stimulus but the pain perception is blocked so its not going to the brain

what is articaine?

a local anesthetic that is used in dental procedures

why do we add episodes to local anesthetics?

to keep it local and to vasoconstrict blood vessles cause your dont want it floating in your blood stream and to prevent tachacarydia

what type of neurons are in the dorsal ganglion?

unipolar neurons 

what is in chili pepper that make them reduce pain and hot?

capsaicin

how does capsaicin work?

blocks/inhibits substance P, activates mast cells creating a thermal feeling and exagerating the productionh of histamine further the PFL

what is an endorphin?

an opiate that is made by the brain naturally to reduce in in the CNS