FP FINALS

Pinhole camera

this is the simplest camera. This consists of a box with small hole in one of its sides. To produce a sharp image, a hole must be very small and this restricts the amount of light entering the camera.

Camera Obscura

– It is a box used for sketching large objects. The term means "dark room" or "dark chamber " . The box contains a mirror set at a 45 degree angle. There, the light forms an image of the object or scene that can be sketched easily

Fixed Focus camera

– The most basic of al l cameras whi ch has a non- adjustable lens. Most models have a single diaphragm setting and only one or two shutter speeds. Most fixed-focus cameras, including many inexpensive, pocket-sized models, use a 110 or 126 size film. The negative of such film require considerable enlargement which may produce a fuzzy image.

Point and Shoot Camera

– Electronic devices inside the cameras automatically adjust the focus, set the light exposure, and the shutter speed and advance and rewind the fi lm. A bui lt in elec troni c flash automatically supplies light when too little light reflects from the subject. The cameras are equipped with high quality lenses that produce a sharp image. Some of them have zoom lens. Point and shoot cameras use films that measure 35mm.

Single Lens Reflex Camera (SLR)

– The camera's name refers to i t s v i e w i n g s y s t e m . T h e photographer views the subject through the camera lens rather than through a separate views lens

Twin Lens Reflex Camera

– These have a viewing lens directly above the picture- taking lens. The image in the viewfinder appears on a flat screen on top of the camera. Photographer found such a viewing s c reen helpful in composing a picture.

VIEW CAMERAS

are generally larger and heavier than medium and small format cameras and a re most often used for studio, l a n d s c a p e , a n d a r c h i t e c t u r a l photography. These cameras use largeformat films that produce either negatives or transparencies with far greater detail and sharpness than smaller format film.

This is the largest and most adjustable type of camera

Instant Cameras

– Use film that provides a print without first being developed into a negative. The cameras produce a print 15 seconds to 2 minutes after the photographer takes a picture. The time varies according to the camera and to the type of film.

CAMERA LENSES

s is a transparent material made of glass or plastic, which has two opposite symmetrical and spherical surfaces

focal length

– is the distance between the optical center of the filmandthelens

Shorter Focal Length

– larger field of view

Longer Focal Length -

- smaller field of view

field of view

the greater area covered in the picture.

depth of field

t h e amount of foreground and background that will be in sharp focus in the picture.

shutter

is a device that prevents light from reaching the film until the photographer is ready to take a picture

diaphragm

This changes the size of the aperture of the lens. It regulates the amount of light reaching the film.

Convex Lens/Converging Lens \

This is used in the focusing assembly/ mechanism of the camera. A lens that gathers light and refract them to meet at the certain point

Concave Lens/Diverging Lens

spreads the light depending on the amount of curved on the faces of the lens. This is a lens that possess at least one surface that curves inward

Plano-concave

– lens with one flat surface and one concave.

Compound Lenses

Simple lenses generally produce i m p e r f e c t i m a g e s . T h i s i s imperfection in image formation can be produce using compound lenses.

lens

referred to in generic terms for wide-angle, normal, andtelephotolenses. The three terms refer to the focal length of the lens, whichis customarilymeasured in millimeters.

Lens speed

– refers to the largest opening of the diaphragmthat thelightcanpass through. It determines the maximum intensity of the light enteringthelighttight box

Fast Lens

– Lens with high lens speed. A high lens speed is usedduringnighttime or in a dark room

Slow lens

– Lens with low lens speed. This is used during daytimeor wheretheroom is very bright.

Focus –

the means by which the object distance is estimated or calculatedtoformsharp images.

Auto Focus –.

AFSLR's focus using a phase detection systemthat slitstheincoming light into two or more parts and compares them to determine the amount of defocus

Manual Focus Lens

– you simply turn the focusing ring by handuntil thesubject is sharp in the view finder

Wide Angle Lens –

this has shorter focal length than normal lens. It coversapicture angle of 60-90 degrees. It enables photographing a widely extendedscenefrom a close proximity or within a confined area.

Telephoto lens –

r long focus lens has a longer focal lengthand provides a close up image of a distant object. In contrast tothewide-anglelens, this covers a small field of view and shallower depth of field. Thislensproduces a flat composition, far objects appear enlarge while near objectsdonotappear proportionally large

Super wide angle lens

– in this category are fish eye lenses with a degrees angle of v iew. Focal lengths run from 6mm to about 18mm. F/stop ranges begin at f/18 but average f/3.5 and f/4