Chem. lab and bacterias

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Kidney function and hydration

Readbsored in kidney, related to rate of urine formation

High increase protein intake, low urine output

Creatine

Kidney function

Steady ram excreted by kidney

Not enough excretion can sign for kidney problem

Estimated flmerular filtration rate (eGRF)Sodium

Kidney function

High/normal = normal kidney function

BUN/Creatine ratio

Kidney function and hydration status

high = common cause of dehydration

Sodium

osmotically active cation of ECF

potassium

principle cation of ICF

Hyperalemia —> high hemolyzed specimen

Chloride

Principle anion of ECF

Acid-base balance

Total CO2

maintains acid/base balance (pH)

Calcium

accuracy of portion is measured in plasma influenced by albumin level

BMP —> calcium + albumin

sensitive to changes in pH

Total protein (TP)

Albumin and globulins make majority

Influenced by nutritional state (liver)

Albumin

Primary protein of blood

Made in liver

Help w/ oncotic pressure

Total globulin

includes immunoglobulins (Ig)

Total bilirubin (Tbil)

Indirect + direct

Bilirubin waste product from breakdown RBC processed by liver

Hyperbilirubinemia

High, liver disease, hemolysis, jaundice

Alkeline phosphate (ALP)

Found in: liver, bile ducts, bone

released into blood w/ tissue growth

Obstructive hepatobiliary disease

high ALP

Aspatate aminitransferase (AST)

Found: liver

Released into blood w/ tissue insult

High AST —> liver insult and biliary obstruction

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Highest concentration in liver

Released into blood w. tissue insult

More specific for liver injury

Phosphorous

Large concentration in bone

inverse relationship w. calcium (P rises, Ca falls)

Magnesium

Intracellular cation (ICF)

Found in bone

Direct bilirubin (Dbil)

Conjugated bilirubin

Water soluble

if high due to liver disease

Indirect bilirubin

Conjugated bilirubin

Fat soluble

HIgh —> due to hemolysis

GGT (gamma glutamyl transpeptdase)

Found: liver

released into blood w/ ETOH intake

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Released from cell lysis (non specific)

C reactive protein (CRP)

non specific but sensitive to inflammation

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

non specific but sensitive to inflammation

Gram positive is what color and why?

Purple! because has thick peptidoglycan layer

Gram negative is what color and why?

Pink because has a thin peptidglycan layer made w/ lilopolysaccharide (LPS)

Staphylococcus aureus  (S. aureus)

Gram positive cocci

Single/pair cluster

Catalse and coagulase +

Beta hemolytic- hard to treat

Causes: skin and soft tissue infection therefore normal flora: skin

Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epi)

Gram positive cocci

Single/pair cluster

Catalase +, coagulase -

Normal flora: skin

Cause UTI

Streptococci

Gram positive cocci

Singly, pairs or chains

Catalse -

Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes)

Gram positive cocci

Group A hemolytic

Beta hemolytic

Causes: pharyngitis and strep????

Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae)

Gram positive cocci

Lancefiled group B

Causes: sepsis and meningitis in newborns

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumo)

Gram positive cocci

Encapsulated

Has vaccines available

Enterococcus sp

Gram positive cocci

Group D (lance field)

Normal flora: gut, skin

Causes: UTI

Viridian sp

Gram positive cocci

Normal flora: oropharynx

Corynebacterium sp

Gram positive rods

Looks like clubs

Not very pathogenic

Clostridium sp

Gram positive rods

+ or - spors

Anaerobic culture

Clostridium tetani

Gram positive rods

Found everywhere in env

It is clinical diagnosis and NOT BACTERIA CULTURE

Bacillus sp

Gram positive rods

+ or - spores

Listeria monocytogenes

Gram positive rods

Grows well in refrigerated temp.

Causes meningitis in ppl who drink unpasteurized milk

Neisseria sp

Gram negative cocci

Diplocci

Grow intracellularly in vivo

Nisseria meningitidis

Gram negative cocci

Encapsulated

Will grow in lab and affect personel

Vaccine available

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)

Gram negative rods

Encapsulated

Pleomorphic (small rods look like cocci)

Vaccines available

Causes pneumonia

Pseudomonas

Gram negative rods

Normal flora: gut and common in env.

Very resistant to antibiotic

Enterobacteriaceae

Gram negative rods

Reduces nitrates to nitrites

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Gram negative rod

Found in Enterobacteriaceae lactose fermenting

VERY COMMON CAUSE OF UTI

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Gram negative rods

Enterobacteriaceae- Lactose fermenting

Encapsulated

Causes: peumonia and UTI

Proteus sp

Gram negative rods

Found in normal gut floraWhat a

What are the bacterias not grown in culture?

Clostridiodes difficile

Neisseria gonorrhea

Chlamydia trachomatis

Treponema pallidum

What is clostridiodes difficile associated with? C

antibiotic associated colitis

What does Neisseria gonorrhea cause?

Gonorrhea

Tested by using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)

Chlamydia trachomatis

It is obligate intrecellualr bacteria meaning it can act like virus

Not visualized in GMS

Order NAAT

What does Treponema pallidum cause?

Syphillis and it is not seen in GMS

How is fungus tested?

KOH prep

Can parasites grow in culture?

NO because need host

What are the different type of hemolysis? strength?

Beta —> strong

Alpha —> weak

Gamma —> no hemolysis