Topic 7-China-Restoration of Imperial Rule And Topic 8- Mongol Empires & Turkish Conquests

Which dynasty was the first to bring China back under centralized imperial rule since the fall of the Later Han dynasty?

The Sui dynasty

What huge construction projects did the Sui Dynasty order such as?

The Grand Canal

Sui Dynasty: What was the purpose of the Grand Canal in China?

to integrate the economies of northern and southern China.

Tang Dynasty : Who was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty

Tang Taizong (627-649 A.D.), was one of its greatest emperors.

What three policies did Tang Taizong implement that contributed to the success of the early Tang Dynasty?

1) maintenance of a well-articulated transportation and communication network

2) distribution of land according to the principles of the equal-field system

3) reliance on a bureaucracy based on merit

Transportation and Communication: What did the Tang rulers maintain?

Extensive network of roads

Equal-Field System: Did the Tang dynasty break up large landholdings and give land to peasants?

Yes, the Tang dynasty did break up large landholdings and give land to peasants

Tang Dynasty Bureaucracy of Merit: What did the Sui and Tang rulers do as a result of the Han dynasty?

they recruited government officials from the ranks of candidates who had progressed through the Confucian educational system

Military Expansion: How did the Tang dynasty become one of the largest dynasties in Chinese history?

by using military expansion to conquer more territory

Decline of the Tang Dynasty: What did the rebellion of An Lushan result in?

Catastrophic damage to the Tang Dynasty

Decline of the Tang Dynasty: How did the Tang dynasty weaken?

by a revolt, and never regained control.

What did the Song dynasty place much more emphasis on?

Civil administration, Industry, Education, and The Arts

Song Dynasty: What action did Song Taizu take regarding military forces?

placed military forces under tight supervision, and they were placed under civil bureaucrats.

Song Dynasty: Both the Tang and Song dynasties placed heavy emphasis on?

Confucian education for civil Service positions

Song Dynasty: Who overran northern China and captured the Song capital at Kaifeng?

The Nomadic Jurchen

When did the Mongol forces end the Song Dynasty completely?

In 1279 AD

Song Dynasty: What was the foundation of economic development in both Tang and Song China?

The surge in agricultural production.

Song Dynasty Agricultural Development: What did the Tang and Song dynasties brought to China?

new strains of fast-ripening rice (Champa) to China.

Song Dynasty : What happened due to increased agricultural development?

Rapid population growth

Song Dynasty Technological and Industrial Development: What technological innovations were created during the Tang and Song dynasties, and what was one significant development during the Tang dynasty?

During the Tang and Song dynasties, a remarkable range of technological innovations were created. One significant development during the Tang dynasty was the discovery of techniques for producing high-quality porcelain.

Song Dynasty Metallurgy: What did Tang and Song craftsmen improve, and what was the result?

metallurgical technologies that made stronger and more useful grades of metal.

Song Dynasty Naval Technology: What technological advances were included during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Shipbuilding, among other technologies.

Song Dynasty Emergence of a Market Economy: Was international trade robust under the Tang and Song dynasties, and did both dynasties play an active role in international commerce?

Yes, international trade was robust under the Tang and Song dynasties, and both dynasties played an active role in international commerce.

Song Dynasty Emergence of a Market Economy: How did flying cash benefit merchants?

by allowing them to conduct transactions without relying solely on coins, which greatly enriched their businesses.

Song Dynasty Cultural Change - Tang and Song dynasties: Did Buddhism become the most popular religion in China during the Tang and Song dynasties?

Yes, Buddhism did become the most popular religion in China during the Tang and Song dynasties

Song Dynasty Cultural Change - Tang and Song dynasties: What was Syncretic Buddhism, and when did it become popular in China?

Syncretic Buddhism was a form of Buddhism tailored to Chinese culture, and it became popular during the Tang and Song dynasties.

Cultural Change - Tang and Song dynasties: How did Confucian thought during the Song dynasty reflect the influence of Buddhism, and what is this fusion known as?

During the Song dynasty, traditional Confucianism values blended with Buddhist ideas, creating Neo-Confucianism.

Song Dynasty Korea: Which two dynasties in Korea were associated with the Tang and Song empires of China?

The Silla and Koryo dynasties

Song Dynasty Korea: How did Korea's tributary relationship with China during the Tang dynasty affect Korea and China?

It led to widespread commercial and cultural exchanges between the two nations.

Song Dynasty Vietnam: How did Vietnam's relationship with China and its education system change after being conquered?

Vietnam entered a tributary relationship with China and adopted civil service examinations based on Chinese-style education.

Song Dynasty Early Japan Geographical Facts: What is Japan, and where is it located?

Japan is an archipelago made up of 4 main islands, located in the "Ring of Fire" region.

Song Dynasty Early Japan Geographical Facts: Did Chinese armies ever invade Japan?

No

Song Dynasty Nara, Japan: Is Nara, Japan, inspired by the Tang dynasty's centralized rule in China?

Yes

Nara, Japan: When did Chinese influence on Japan reach its peak?

During the Nara period

Song Dynasty Heian Japan: How were Japanese emperors different from Chinese emperors?

Japanese emperors rarely ruled but served as ceremonial figureheads, while the real rulers of Japan were the shoguns.

Song Dynasty Fall of Heian Japan: What was the role of a shogun under the Minamoto clan in Japan?

A shogun was a military governor who ruled in place of the emperor.

Song Dynasty Political Decentralization: What role did the samurai play in Japanese political and military affairs?

The samurai served the shoguns and played a prominent role.

While the Song had powerful military technology, what two reasons are given by your authors that prevented the Song dynasty from effectively using it much of the time?

The Song dynasty had a predisposition toward Confucianism and pacifism and fear of a strong military that could endanger civilian rule prevented the Song dynasty from effectively using military technology.

Tang Dynasty: Strong military

Song dynasty: weaker military than Tang dynasty

- mistrusted military and placed it under civil bureaucrats larger bureaucracy than Tang dynasty

Ancient Korea: What did many Koreans travel to China to acquire during the Silla kingdom?

China had a big influence on Korea during the Silla and Koryo dynasties. Korea adopted Confucianism and Buddhism from China, and when these two ideas mixed together in eastern Asian societies, it was called Syncretic Buddhism.

Ancient Japan: Did this new state religion spell the end of Shintoism, and if not, what type of system did your authors state existed?

The introduction of Buddhism to Japan did not lead to the end of Shintoism, but rather both religions exist in parallel today

Shintoism is the indigenous religion of Japan, but Buddhism is also a major religion of present-day Japan

Ancient Japan: What period did the Japanese king Temmu, and his wife, Queen Jito, inaugurate after their capital at Fujiwara-kyo burned down?

The Nara period of Japan was the period when Japan imitated, more than any other period in Japanese history, many aspects of China, which was then ruled by the Tang dynasty.

The Rise of Chinggis Khan and Mongol Unification: What did the Mongols do to the Jin capital at Zhongdu under Chinggis Khan?

Easily defeated the Jin Empire and ended Jin rule over the area that the Jurchens had controlled.

The Mongol Empires: Mongol Conquest of Persia: The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan - The Great Khans: Golden Horde Russia

Golden Horde Russia

The Mongol Empires: Who created the Yuan dynasty in China?

Kublai Khan

Khubilai Khan: How did the Mongols resist assimilation to Chinese culture?

Dismantling the Confucian education and examination systems.

The Mongol Empires: The Ilkhanate of Persia: Who ended the Abbasid Dynasty like the Song Dynasty?

The Mongols

The Mongol Empires: The Mongols and Eurasian Integration: How did the Mongols impact trade in the lands they conquered during the Pax Mongolica?

by working to secure trade routes and ensure the safety of merchants.

How did Song emperors feel about military leaders?

They mistrusted them

Agricultural Development: When was China the most urbanized land in the world?

during the Song Dynasty

Agricultural Development: How was women's subordinate position reinforced during the Song Dynasty?

By foot binding

Metallurgy: What were some technological advances under the Tang and Song Dynasties?

1. Making High-quality porcelain

2. Making better iron and steel

3. The invention of gunpowder.

Emergence of a Market Economy: What was the Song dynasty's contribution to paper money?

Introduced the concept of flying cash, which was the first large usage of paper money.

Song Dynasty Vietnam: How did Vietnam differ from Korea in its response to Chinese efforts to dominate the county?

Vietnam always resented Chinese efforts to dominate, unlike Korea.

Song Dynasty Early Japan Geographical Facts: What can underwater earthquakes cause that devastate coastal areas of Japan?

tsunamis

Song Dynasty Nara, Japan: Did the Japanese continue to observe the rites of Shinto, their indigenous religion?

Yes, the Japanese did continue to observe the rites of Shinto, their indigenous religion.

Song China: What did the Zhao family convince the fractured political units that they held (after the fall of the Tang dynasty), and what new dynasty did this lead to in the 960s?

After a relatively brief period, the Song dynasty became the next major dynasty of China after the Tang dynasty had collapsed.

Song China: During the Song dynasty, peasants began planting new strains of rice that ripened quickly enough to yield what?

The Chinese learned from their invasion of Vietnam during the Tang dynasty that there existed a fast-ripening rice that enabled Chinese farmers to plant twice a year. The name of this fast-ripening rice is called champa and the Tang introduced this rice to China which led to a large population growth.

Ancient Japan: Which of the four main islands of Japan is the home to Tokyo and the largest present-day population?

The island of Honshu is Japan's largest island and contains the largest present-day population.

Ancient Japan: What is the name of the horseshoe-shaped line running around the rim of the Pacific Ocean

In which frequent shifts of tectonic plates cause earthquakes, volcanic activity, and tsunamis?

The RING OF FIRE, caused by shifts of tectonic plates, continues to cause earthquakes, volcanic activity and tsunamis in Japan. (Please see Figure 5. 15) (Please note the Ring of Fire includes the far western part of the United States and Alaska)

The Rise of Chinggis Khan and Mongol Unification: What would Temujin be better known as, and what did this title mean?

Temujin is better known today as Chinggis Khan

The Rise of Chinggis Khan and Mongol Unification: In a grave miscalculation, what did the Khwarazm shah (Allah al-Din Mujammad) do to the emissaries that Chinggis Khan sent to him to extract tribute?

The Khwarazm Shah killed Chinggis Khan's envoy, leading to a brutal Mongol invasion. Chinggis Khan wiped out key cities like Herat, Merv, and Nishapur, killing Shah Ala al-Din Muhammad and hundreds of thousands of his people.

The Mongol Empires: Who was the unifier of the Mongols and united all the Mongol tribes into a single confederation?

Temujin

The Mongol Empires: Chinggis Khan: What was the most important institution of the Mongol state?

The army, especially the cavalry.

The Mongol Empires: Mongol Conquest of Northern China: What was the city renamed when it served as the Mongol capital in northern China?

Khanbiliq ("city of the khan")

The Mongol Empires: Mongol Conquest of Persia: What happened to the qanat irrigation system that sustained agriculture in this arid land?

was destroyed

The Mongol Empires: Mongol Conquest of Persia: Did Chinggis Khan establish a central government for his empire?

No, his empire was very decentralized.

Mongol Conquest of Persia: The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan - The Great Khans: Which Mongol-ruled land was the wealthiest during the Yuan Dynasty?

China

The Mongol Empires: Did Khubilai Khan consolidated Mongol rule in China?

Yes, Khubilai Khan consolidated Mongol rule in China.

The Mongol Empires: Who did Khubilai Khan relentlessly attack in southern China?

The Song dynasty and ultimately ended it

The Mongol Empires: Why was Kublai Khan unsuccessful in his naval invasions against Japan?

Because of typhoons

The Mongol Empires: Khubilai Khan: How did trade flourish across Eurasia?

Due to the Pax Mongolica

The Mongol Empires: Khubilai Khan: Did Mongol rulers in China look down on their subjects?

Yes, with derision

The Mongol Empires: Who overran Russia?

The Golden Horde

The Mongol Empires: The Ilkhanate of Persia: overthrew the Abbasid Empire

overthrew the Abbasid empire

The Mongol Empires: The Mongols and Eurasian Integration Decline of the Yuan Dynasty: What greatly weakened the Mongols?

The bubonic plague

Renewed Turkish Conquests: Who was the Turkish conqueror who built a Central Asian empire during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries?

Tamerlane

Renewed Turkish Conquests: to build a magnificent capital at Samarkand

to build a magnificent capital at Samarkand

Renewed Turkish Conquests: Did Tamerlane ever invade or control any part of China like Chinggis Khan did?

No, unlike Chinggis Khan, Tamerlane never invaded or controlled any part of China

Eventually who was victorious in the conflict between Kublai Khan and the Song emperor?

After having defeated the Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan created a new empire in China, which he named the Yuan dynasty

Yuna China: What area of fighting was Kublai Khan not experienced in?

The Mongols from the Yuan dynasty tried twice to launch naval invasions of Japan, and other locations, and both attempts to invade Japan ended in failure.

Who was at the top of the Yuan class structure and what two classes were at the bottom. 

At the top of the Yuan class structure were Mongols, followed by non-Chinese people, who were Europeans or previous steppe inhabitants like the Jurchen, Tangut, and Khitan. The bottom two classes were Chinese people: those of Han ethnicity who had been ruled by the Jin in the north, and the remaining Song Chinese who lived in the south.

Yuna China: Could Mongols marry people from these two bottom classes?

Mongols could not marry people from these bottom two classes. 

Yuan China: What was the strange new illness that was causing such a high death toll in the Yuan dynasty starting around 1331?

The Black Death

The Timurids and the Aftermath of the Battle of Ankara: Tamerlane (Timur) sought to rebuild the empire that who had controlled at the time of his death?

Tameriane (Timur) was born after Chinggis Khan had died but he was always enamored with the conquests of Chinggis Khan and wanted to emulate Chinggis Khan’s conquests

What was the name of Tamerlane’s capital where he sent skilled artisans to work?

Samarkand - the capital of the Timurid Empire

Tamerlane defeated the khan of the Golden Horde, and viciously sacked Delhi in India, including defeating the sultan of this city Know that Tamerlane also defeated the Ottoman Empire

What happened to Tamerlane in 1405?

Tamerlane died before he was able to invade China which was then under the rule of the Ming dynasty. Thus, unlike his hero Chinggis Khan, Tamerlane did not invade China