Intro to Speech Communication Final Exam

general rule for points

audiences have trouble remembering more than 3-4

chronological pattern

presents main points of a message in a systematic, time-related fashion

topical pattern

based on organization into categories

primary-recency effect

audiences are most likely to remember points you raise at the very beginning (primary) or very end (recency) of a message

spatial pattern

arranges main points in terms of their physical proximity to each other

problem-solution pattern

dramatizing an obstacle and then narrowing alternative remedies down to the one you recommended

“strawman” argument

a fallacious argument about an opposing stance in order to make it easier to defeat

cause-effect pattern

organize message around cause-to-effect or effect-to-cause relationships

narrative pattern

tying points together in a way that presents a vivid story (w/ characters, settings, plot, and imagery)

motivated sequence pattern

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

signposts

key words or phrases within sentences that signify transitions between points

internal previews

prime the audience for the content immediately ahead

internal summaries

allow the speaker to crystallize the points made in one section of a speech before moving to the next section

styles of outlines

sentence, phrase, key-word, preparation, delivery

approaches to informative speeches

descriptions, demonstrations, definitions, explanations

public speaking anxiety (PSA)

the nervousness we experience when we know we have to communicate publicly to an audience

communication apprehension (CA)

a more general fear or anxiety about having to communicate with other people

key factors for speaker anxiety

upsetting experiences, fear of evaluation, distaste for attention

methods of delivery

manuscript, memory (oratory), spontaneously, extemporaneously

guidelines for effective delivery

vocal, visual, connection

verbal fillers

vocalized pauses that disrupt the fluency of the speech

upspeak

the tendency to raise your pitch at the ends of sentences

planting

standing with your legs apart at a distance that’s equal to your shoulders

types of presentation aids

props and models, media clops and images, graphs and charts, posters, flip charts, and whiteboards, handouts, and presentation software

relational network

web of relationships that connects individuals to one another

research finds agreement on 6 important characteristics of friendship

availability, caring, honesty, trust, loyalty, and empathy

social information processing theory

argues that communicators use unique language and stylistic cues in their online messages to develop relationships that are just as close as those that develop face to face

hyperpersonal communication

a phenomenon surrounding online communication in which a lack of proximity, visual contact, or nonverbal cues results in enhanced intimacy

parasocial interaction (PSI)

one-sided relationships, where one person extends emotional energy, interest and time, and the other party, the persona, is completely unaware of the other’s existence. parasocial relationships are most common with celebrities, organizations (like sports teams) or television stars

why we form relationships

proximity, attractive qualities, similarity, personal and social needs

social exchange theory

idea that people view their interactions with others in terms of the trade-off between benefits and costs and that they seek to maximize the benefits and minimize the costs

uncertainty reduction theory

theory that when two people meet, their main focus is on decreasing the uncertainty about each other

passive strategies

observing others in communication situations without actually interacting with them

active strategies

obtaining information about a person more directly by seeking information from a third party

interactive strategies

speaking directly with that person rather than observing or asking others for information

relational dialects theory

contradictory feelings tug at us in every relationship, called dialectical tensions, and can be external or internal

social penetration theory (SPT)

explains how partners move from superficial levels to greater intimacy

communication privacy management (CPM) theory

people believe they own the information they hold about themselves and make decisions about whether they will disclose or protect it

boundary turbulence

readjusting the need for privacy against the need for self-disclosure and connection when there is a threat to one’s privacy boundaries

strategic topic avoidance

when one or both relational partners move the conversation away from undesirable topics because of the potential for embarrassment, vulnerability, or relational decline

turning points

positive or negative events or changes that stand out in people’s minds as important to defining their relationships

stages of relationships

initiating, exploratory, intensification, stable, declining, repair, termination, reconciliation

3 factors that lead to the declining stage of a relationship

uncertainty events, interference, unmet expectations

passing away vs. sudden death of relationship

• passing away is characterized by a gradual fade as the relationship loses its vitality

• sudden death is the abrupt, and for at least one partner, unexpected termination of a relationship

factors that can spur partners to reignite the relationship

spontaneous development, third-party mediation, high affect, tacit persistence, mutual interaction, avoidance

persuasion

the process of influencing (often changing or reinforcing) others’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors on a given topic

beliefs

the ways in which we perceive reality. they're our thoughts about what’s true and real and refer to how confident we are about the existence or validity of something

attitudes

our evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events. they’re our feelings about something, our judgements of good or bad, important or unimportant, boring or interesting, etc.

behavior

the manner in which we act or function. refers to what we do, usually in response to our attitudes and beliefs

propositions of fact

a claim of what is or what is not

propositions of value

make claims about something’s worth

propositions of policy

makes claims about what goal, policy, or course of action should be pursued

social judgement theory

your ability to successfully persuade your audience depends on the audience’s current attitudes or disposition toward your topic

anchor position

their position on the topic at the outset of the speech

latitudes

ranges of acceptable and unacceptable viewpoints

receptive audience

already leans toward your viewpoints, sees your message as favorable and credible

latitude of acceptance

would be open to a wide range of proposals you could make

hostile audience

opposes your message

latitude of rejection

would find unacceptable most proposals

neutral audience

falls between the receptive audience and the hostile audience

latitude of noncommitment

range of positions in which they could go either way

stages of change model steps

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

physiological needs, safety, love and belonging (social needs), esteem, self-actualization

central processing

think critically about the speaker’s message, question it, and seriously consider the strengths of the arguments being presented

peripheral processing

paying attention to other things than the central message, superficial factors like the speaker’s attractiveness, the length of the speech, etc.

ethos

speaker’s credibility (knowledge and experience, character or trustworthiness, goodwill)

logos

persuasive appeals directed at the audience’s reasoning

inductive reasoning

draw general conclusions based on specific evidence

deductive reasoning

proceeds from the general principle to the specific examples

syllogism

a 3-line deductive argument that draws a specific conclusion from 2 general premises (major premise, minor premise, conclusion)

pathos

appealing to listeners’ emotions

logical fallacies

invalid or deceptive forms of reasoning

bandwagon fallacy

claiming a statement is true or an action is reasonable because it’s popular

reduction to the absurd

pushing an argument beyond its logical limits can cause it to unravel

red herring fallacy

speaker relies on relevant information for their argument, thereby diverting the direction of the argument

ad hominem fallacy

attacking the person rather than the issue at hand

hasty generalization

speaker makes a broad generalization based on isolated examples or insufficient evidence

begging the question

present arguments that no one can verify because they’re not accompanies by valid evidence

either-or fallacy (false dilemma fallacy)

presenting only two alternatives on a subject and failing to acknowledge other alternatives

appeal to tradition

an argument that uses tradition as proof

slippery slope fallacy

attests that an event must clearly occur as a result of another event without showing any proof that the second event is caused by the first

naturalistic fallacy

saying what is natural is right/good and that anything unnatural is wrong/bad

persuasive speaking patterns

problem-solution, refutational, comparative advantage, monroe’s motivated sequence

refutational pattern

speakers begin by presenting main points that are opposed to their own position and then follow them with main points that support their own position

comparative advantage pattern

showing that your proposed solution is superior to other possible alternatives for resolving a problem

group

perceive a shared sense of identity, members usually identify with one another because they have one or more goals in common (helps define the group), members are connected to one another and communicate in an interdependent way

types of groups

primary, functional, self-directed work teams (SDWT), interprofessional teams

primary groups

fundamental groups that influence your sense of self and belonging

functional groups

defined by the specific functions they fulfill

support group

a set of individuals who come together to address personal problems while benefiting from the support of others with similar issues

social group

a group on which membership offers opportunities to form relationships with others

problem-solving group

a group with a specific mission

study groups

formed for the specific purpose of helping students with their academic work

team

a group that works together to carry out a project or to compete against other teams

self-directed work teams (SDWT)

group of skilled workers who take responsibility themselves for producing high-quality finished work

interprofessional teams

experts from different specializations and professions work together

stage model of group development

forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

punctuated equilibrium model

groups experience a period of inertia or inactivity until they become aware of time, pressure, and looming deadlines, which then compel members to take action

when there are more people, group communication tends to be

less casual, less intimate, and more formal

cliques (or coalitions)

a small subgroup of individuals who have bonded together within a group