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Blood Composition
Plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
What are the main components of blood plasma?
Primarily water (90%), salts (electrolytes), and proteins.
Plasma proteins
Include albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins.
Erythrocytes
Main function is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Leukocytes
Main function is immune defense.
Leukocyte subtypes
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
Platelets
Main function is blood clotting.
Functions of Blood
Transport, regulation, and protection; delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes wastes, maintains body temperature and pH, and provides immune defense and clotting.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Measures red and white blood cell counts, important for diagnosing anemia and other conditions.
Differential White Blood Cell Count
Identifies the proportions of specific types of white blood cells, aiding in diagnosis of infections and disorders.
Hematocrit Test
Measures the proportion of blood volume made up of red blood cells.
Blood Typing
Based on the presence of antigens on red blood cell membranes; includes types A, B, AB, and O.
Rh factor
Determines 'positive' or 'negative' blood types.
Main components of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus gland, and spleen.
Lymphatic Vessels flow
One-way flow, more permeable to proteins.
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Removal of excess interstitial fluid, filtering blood and lymph for microorganisms, absorption and transportation of fats, and immune response.
Role of the thoracic duct
Main vessel for lymph drainage into blood; drains left side and lower body.
Role of the right lymphatic duct
Drains the right upper body into the bloodstream.
Main function of lymph nodes
Act as biological filters, containing afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels.
Main components of lymph nodes
Cortex, medulla, capsule, and trabeculae.
Location of immune cells in lymph nodes
B cells in germinal centers of the cortex, T cells spread throughout the cortex, macrophages in subcapsular sinuses.
Innate Immunity
Nonspecific defenses like skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.
Adaptive Immunity
Specific defenses acquired through exposure to antigens; key cells include T and B lymphocytes.
Characteristics of adaptive immunity
Memory, specificity, and self-tolerance.
T cells development and role
Develop in bone marrow, mature in thymus, reside in lymph nodes; involved in cell-mediated immunity.
Types of T cells
Include cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor T cells.
Function of B cells
Effector B cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies to target free antigens.
Components of an antibody
Antigen-binding site, variable and constant regions on heavy and light chains, and disulfide bonds.
Different classes of immunoglobulins
IgM (first secreted in primary response), IgA (in body secretions), IgD (on B cell surfaces), IgG (most abundant), and IgE (allergic reactions).
Main components of the spleen
Capsule, trabeculae, splenic cords, sinusoids, arterioles, and capillaries.
Main functions of the spleen
Filters blood, tissue repair, hematopoiesis, destroys old RBCs and platelets, serves as a blood reservoir.
Function of tonsils
Masses of lymphoid tissue that act as the first line of defense against bacteria.
Role of the thymus gland
Final site of prenatal lymphocyte development and hormone production for T lymphocyte maturation after birth.
