Cardiovascular System– Blood I Overview

Which of the following is NOT a major function of blood?
A. Transporting hormones
B. Regulating body temperature
C. Producing digestive enzymes
D. Protecting against blood loss

Producing digestive enzymes

A patient is losing a large amount of blood after an injury. Which function of blood helps prevent further blood loss?

Clotting

Which of the following are examples of blood's regulatory functions?

Regulating pH, body temperature, and fluid balance

Which component makes up the largest portion of plasma?

Water

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance?

Albumins

What is the main difference between plasma and serum?

Plasma contains clotting factors, while serum does not

Which of the following is a formed element of blood?

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Which formed element is the most abundant in blood?

C. Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Which structural feature of erythrocytes allows them to efficiently transport gases?

They are biconcave discs and lack organelles

Approximately how long does an erythrocyte typically live?

120 days

Which component of hemoglobin directly binds oxygen?

Heme groups containing iron

What happens when one oxygen molecule binds to hemoglobin?

It facilitates oxygen binding to the other three chains

Which statement correctly describes the functions of hemoglobin?

It transports oxygen and can also bind carbon dioxide

Where are old red blood cells primarily removed from circulation?

Spleen, liver, and red bone marrow

What happens to the iron from hemoglobin when an old RBC is broken down?

It binds to transferrin and is transported to red bone marrow for reuse

Which sequence correctly describes the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin?

Heme → biliverdin → bilirubin

Why does a bruise change colors as it heals?

Hemoglobin is converted into different pigments as heme is broken down

Which pigment gives feces its brown color and which pigment contributes to the yellow color of urine?

Stercobilin; urobilin

Where does erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) primarily occur?

Red bone marrow

What is the main hormone that stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

What triggers the release of erythropoietin (EPO)?

Low blood oxygen levels (hypoxia)

During erythropoiesis, what happens to the nucleus of an orthochromatic erythroblast?

It shrinks and is eventually ejected

Which nutrients are required for normal red blood cell production?

Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid

What is the primary function of leukocytes (white blood cells)?

Defend against infection

Which leukocyte is the main bacterial killer and uses hydrolytic enzymes and defensins to destroy bacteria?

Neutrophil

Which leukocyte is primarily involved in fighting parasites and allergic reactions?

Eosinophil

Which leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Which correctly lists leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant?

Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils

Where does leukopoiesis (white blood cell production) primarily occur?

red bone marrow

What type of cells give rise to white blood cells during leukopoiesis?

Hematopoietic stem cells

Which progenitor line produces granulocytes and monocytes?

Myeloid stem cells

Which type of stem cell gives rise to lymphocytes?

Lymphoid stem cells

Which substances stimulate the production of specific white blood cell lineages?

Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)