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Culture
The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors passed on from person to person through society
Cultural Traits
Elements developed through social interaction that are transmitted or transmuted in some form, Can be language, clothing, food, architecture, and land use
Land Use
Sacred Spaced, community functions
Cultural Relativism
Evaluating a culture by one’s own standards or within that culture to create an understanding
Ethnocentrism
Evaluating a culture through the lens of ones own culture creating a sense of superiority
Cultural Landscape
The combination of cultural, economic, and natural elements, that make up any land space. Includes: physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, traditional and modern architecture, and land-use patterns.
Place
A location’s physical and cultural characteristic
Centripetal forces
Forces that bring people together
Centrifugal Forces
Forces the divide people
Diffusion
The spread of a cultural idea
Hearth
The starting point of a cultural idea
Relocation
When a group is moved and brings their cultural ideas with them and they diffuse into the new area
Expansion
The process by which cultural ideas, innovations, or phenomena spread from their original hearth (source) to larger areas and populations.
Contagious
A cultural idea that spreads rapidly to almost everyone
Hierarchical and Reverse Hieraachrical
When a cultural idea spreads from people or areas in power to lower class people or areas, and vice versa
Acculturation
When a group of people in one culture adopts traits from another
Creolization
the process of mixing cultural traits, primarily languages
Lingua Franca
language mutually understood by the members of a society
How diffusion occurred historically
Colonialism/imperialism - an outside force imposes its culture
War - legacy of cultural interaction that can be by force
Migration - through all forms of migration, including diasporas
Trade - the trade of new products from another culture
Cultural Divergence
people start to leave their culture or abandon certain elements of it
Cultural Convergence
people start having one massive global culture
Assimilation
When you leave your previous culture and completely adopt a new one
Syncretism
The combination of different cultures/blending of beliefs ideas practices and traits
Placemaking
The process by which people infuse meaning, identity, and culture into a specific location, turning a "space" into a "place" that reflects community values and social practices.
Spacemaking
Focuses on the physical and functional organization of a space for specific purposes, often lacking cultural or emotional attachment.
Religion
Refers to the global distribution and followers of religions. Religions are often categorized as universalizing (e.g., Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) or ethnic (e.g., Hinduism, Judaism).
Adherents
the people who follow these religions, impacting cultural landscapes and demographic patterns.
Dialects
Variations of a language distinguished by pronunciation, vocabulary, and spelling. They often emerge due to geographic or social separation and reflect local identity.
Ethnic Neighborhoods
Areas within cities where people of the same ethnic background cluster, maintaining cultural practices and providing a sense of community (e.g., Chinatown, Little Italy)
Toponyms
The names given to places, reflecting cultural heritage, historical events, or physical geography (e.g., New York, derived from the Duke of York).
Sequent Occupancy
the idea that successive societies leave cultural imprints on a landscape, creating layers of cultural history (e.g., ancient Roman roads still being used in Europe).
Role of the Internet in Cultural Change
The internet accelerates cultural diffusion by providing instant access to global ideas, media, and trends. It fosters convergence by spreading globalized culture but can also support divergence by enabling preservation of niche cultures.
Language families
are groups of languages with a shared common ancestor.
Indo-European: Includes languages like English, Spanish, and Hindi, found across Europe, the Americas, and South Asia.
Sino-Tibetan: Includes Mandarin Chinese, spoken in East Asia.
Afro-Asiatic: Includes Arabic and Hebrew, predominant in the Middle East and North Africa.
Niger-Congo: Includes Swahili, predominant in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Origin of languages
Languages often originate in cultural hearths and are influenced by migration, conquest, and trade
