[PHARMACOGNOSY] PACOP PINK

Proverbs 16:3

B) Dioscorides

In 780 A.D., he described about 600 plants with medicinal properties in his book "De Materia Medica".
A. Galen
B. Dioscorides
C. Seydler
D. Fluckiger

C) J.A Schmidt

C.A. Seydler was long thought to be the first person to introduce the term Pharmacognosy. However, recent historical research reveals earlier usage of this term in a book entitled Lehrbuch der Materia medica, which describes the study of medicinal plants and their properties. Who wrote Lehrbuch der Materia medica?
A. Pedanios Dioscorides
B. Paracelcus
C. J.A Schmidt
D. Galen

C) Egyptian

Papyrus Ebers, a document written in 1550 B.C. was found in the tomb of a mummy, it contained medicinal uses of plants and animals. Which ancient civilization wrote Papyrus Ebers?
A. Babylonian
B. Lydian
C. Egyptian
D. Greek

B) Crude Drugs

These are vegetables or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the processes of collection and drying.
A. Natural Substances
B. Crude Drugs
C. Extractives
D. Derivatives

A) Indigenous

What do you call plants growing in their native countries?
A. Indigenous
B. Naturalized
C. Cultivated
D. Local

C) Garbling

This is the final step in the preparation of drugs for the commercial market, consisting of the removal of extraneous matter.
A. Packaging
B. Preservation
C. Garbling
D. Harvesting

C) Phylogeny

Natural relationship existing among plants and among animals.
A. Taxonomy
B. Morphology
C. Phylogeny
D. Classification

A) Exposure of the drugs to a temperature of 65°C

In the preservation of crude drugs, this method is the simplest in preventing insect attacks and other form of destruction.
A. Exposure of the drugs to a temperature of 65°C
B. Use of methyl bromide
C. Adding a few drops of chloroform

D) Organoleptic Analysis

This refers to the evaluation by means of the sense organs and includes the macroscopic appearance of the drug, odor, taste, sound upon fracture and feel to the touch.
A. Physical Analysis
B. Chemical Analysis
C. Proximate Analysis
D. Organoleptic Analysis

C) Insulin

The first commercial application of the technique in Pharmacognosy was made by Eli Lilly Company. Using the non-disease producing strain of E. coli, this company produced the hormone __________.
A. Glucagon
B. Somatostatin
C. Insulin
D. Somatomedin

D) All of the above

• Genetic composition

• Ontogeny

• Environment

Which of the following may influence the secondary constituents of plant drugs?
A. Genetic Composition
B. Ontogeny
C. Environment
D. All of the above
E. Only A and B

A) Health foods

These are products of natural origin many which without therapeutic effect used by the laity in the self-treatment diseases.<br>A. Health foods<br>B. Crude drugs<br>C. Extracts<br>D. All of the above

E) I, II and IV

• Gums and mucilages are carbohydrates

• Streptomycin is a carbohydrate

• Biogenesis refers to the study of biochemical pathways leading to the formation of secondary constituents used as drugs

Which of the following statement is/are true?
I. Gums and mucilages are carbohydrates
II. Streptomycin is a carbohydrates
III. The concentration of secondary metabolites increases with age
IV. Biogenesis refers to the study of biochemical pathways leading to the formation of secondary constituents used as drugs.
A) III only
B) II and II
C) I, II and III
D) I, II and IV
E) I, II and IV

A) Reserpine-hypotensive

📌Rationale:

• A) Reserpine – Hypotensive

• B) Sambong – Diuretic

• C) Bayabas – Antiseptic/antidiarrheal

• D) Lagundi – Antitussive (cough remedy)

Which of the following pairs are correct?
A) Reserpine-hypotensive
B) Sambong-stomachic
C) Bayabas-Diuretic
D) Lagundi- Analgesic

B) Natural Camphor is dextrorotatory

📌Rationale:

• Natural Camphoy: Dextrorotatory

• Synthetic Camphor: Racemic mixture

Which of the following statement is correct?
A) Synthetic Camphor is levorotatory
B) Natural Camphor is dextrorotatory
C) Both natural and semisynthetic camphor are racemic
D) A and B only
E) A and C only

B) II-IV-III-I-V

• Collection

• Harvesting

• Drying

• Garbling

• Packaging

Give the proper sequences of the following processes in the preparation of natural drugs.
I. Garbling
II. Collection
III. Drying
IV. Harvesting
V. Packaging
A. III-I-IV-II-V
B. II-IV-III-I-V
C. II-I-IV-V-III
D. IV-I-III-V-II

E) A and C only

• Taxonomic

• Zoologic

This classification of drugs considers the natural relationship or phylogeny among plants and animals.
A) Taxonomic
B) Morphologic
C) Zoologic
D) A and B only
E) A and C only

D) Tragacanth

The source of bassorin
A) Acacia
B) Karaya
C) Indian gum
D) Tragacanth

B) Osmotic diuretic

Mannitol is used pharmacologically as a/an
A) Humectant
B) Osmotic diuretic
C) Anti-infective
D) Urologic irritant

E) A and B only

• Starch

• Inulin

Which of the following is/are homoglycan(s)?
A) Starch
B) Inulin
C) Gums
D) All of the above
E) A and B only

C) Skimmed milk

The milk left after separation of the cream
A) Cheese
B) Condensed milk
C) Skimmed milk
D) Butter milk

C) Rum

Fermentation product from molasses.
A) Wine
B) Whiskey
C) Rum
D) Brandy

A) Locust Bean

It is also known as the:

• Carob pulp

• St. John's Bread

A) Locust Bean
B) Xanthan
C) Guar
D) Acacia

D) Sorbitol

It tastes approximately half as sweet as sucrose and has humectant properties which make it useful ingredients in toothpastes, chewing gums, and dietetic products.
A) Mannitol
B) Fructose
C) Dulcitol
D) Sorbitol

B) Soluble guncotton

A pharmaceutic aid in the preparation of collodion and flexible collodion.
A) Methylcellulose phthalate
B) Soluble guncotton
C) Powdered cellulose
D) Cellulose acetate

A) Ghatti

Gum usually used as a substitute for acacia.
A) Ghatti
B) Tragacanth
C) Karaya
D) Algin

B) Agar

• It is also referred to as Japanese Isinglas

• It is extensively used as a gel in bacteriologic culture media.

A) Carrageenan
B) Agar
C) Chondrus
D) Cydonum

E) B and C only

• The cellulose remaining insoluble is termed alpha-cellulose.

• The greater the quantity of alpha-cellulose present, the higher the quality of the material.

Powdered cellulose is the purified, mechanically disintegrated cellulose used as a self-binding tablet diluent and disintegrating agent. Which of the following statements regarding powdered cellulose is correct?
A) The purity of cellulose is defined by its solubility in hydrochloric acid.
B) The cellulose remaining insoluble is termed alpha-cellulose.
C) The greater the quantity of alpha-cellulose present, the higher the quality of the material.
D) A and B only
E) B and C only

A) Hexoses

The most important monosaccharides found in plants.
A) Hexoses
B) Pentoses
C) Heptoses
D) Octoses

A) Acer saccharum

Which of the following is a source of sucrose?
A) Acer saccharum
B) Bos Taurus
C) Prunus cerasus
D) Sorbus aucuparia

B) Dextrose is obtained from controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.

Which of the following statement is true?<br>A) Dextrose is alpha-(L)-glucopyranose.<br>B) Dextrose is obtained from controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.<br>C) Dextrose can only be given PO and IV<br>D) All of the above

D) Liquid glucose

This is a product obtained from the incomplete hydrolysis of starch. It is a colorless or yellowish, thick syrupy liquid that is nearly odorless and tastes sweet.
A) Liquid dextrose
B) Liquid sucrose
C) Liquid dextrin
D) Liquid glucose

A) Ferrous gluconate- hematinic

Which of the following pairs are correct?<br>A) Ferrous gluconate- hematinic<br>B) Xylose- laxative<br>C) Lactulose- diagnostic aid<br>D) Both A and C<br>E) All of the above

D) A and B only

• From Honey

• Obtained from the inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose

Which of the following statement refers to fructose?
A) From Honey
B) Obtained from the inversion of aqueous solutions of sucrose
C) Upon hydrolysis, sucrose yields a higher fructose than dextrose content
D) A and B only
E) B and C only

D) Whey

In milk processing, the liquid separated from the coagulum is known as _______
A) Condensed milk
B) Butter
C) Buttermilk
D) Whey

B) Xylose

This is a pentose also known as wood sugar, which is obtained by boiling corn cobs, straw, or similar materials with dilute acid to hydrolyze the polymer.
A) Ribose
B) Xylose
C) Erythose
D) Trehalose

D) Bacteria in the color metabolized it to acetic and lactic acid

Which of the following statement concerning lactulose is true?
A) Natural sugar prepared by acidic rearrangement of lactose
B) Trisaccharide
C) Well absorbed
D) Bacteria in the color metabolized it to acetic and lactic acid

D) Diagnostic Aid

Xylose is used as a/an
A) Diuretic
B) Pharmaceutic excipient
C) Binder
D) Diagnostic Aid

C) Dehydrogenase

In glycolysis, what enzymes is involved in the conversion of 3 phosphoglyceraldehyde to 1,3- Diphosphoglyceric acid?
A) Kinase
B) Aldolase
C) Dehydrogenase
D) Isomerase

D) Mg2+

Aside from thiamine pyrophosphate, what coenzyme/cofactor aids in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid with pyruvic acid dehydrogenase?
A) NAD
B) Lipoic acid
C) FAD
D) Mg2+

B) Fructose-6-Phosphate

Glucose-6-PO4 is converted to ________ upon the action of phosphohexose isomerase.
A) Glucose-1-phosphate
B) Fructose-6-Phosphate
C) Fructose-1,6-Diphosphate
D) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

D) Acetaldehyde

Pyruvic acid, upon the action of pyruvic acid decarboxylase yields ________.
A) Ethanol
B) Lactic Acid
C) Methnol
D) Acetaldehyde

C) Ethanol

Alcohol dehydrogenase acts on acetaldehyde to yield ___________.
A) Lactic Acid
B) Pyruvic Acid
C) Ethanol
D) All of the above

A) Citric acid

Which tricarboxylic acid was first isolated by Scheele in 1784?
A) Citric acid
B) Tartaric acid
C) Lactic acid
D) Fumaric acid

B) Tartaric acid

This acid is a byproduct of wine industry.
A) Citric acid
B) Tartaric acid
C) Lactic acid
D)Fumaric acid

C) Lactic Acid

This acid is used as an acidulant especially in feeding formulas.
A) Citric acid
B) Tartaric acid
C) Lactic Acid
D) Fumaric acid

D) All of the above

📌Produced from distillation process include:

• Rum

• Whiskey

• Brandy

Which of the following may be produced from the process of distillation?
A) Whiskey
B) Rum
C) Brandy
D) All of the above
E) Only B and C

A) Wine is sometimes used medically as a mild stimulant and tonic.

Which of the following statement is true?
A) Wine is sometimes used medically as a mild stimulant and tonic.
B) Brandy is used as CNS stimulant
C) Whiskey is used as CNS stimulant
D) All of the above

B) Mannitol

Which of the following is obtained from Fraxious ornus L. (Fam. Oleaceae), and is used for its laxative properties?
A) Gluciol
B) Mannitol
C) Sorbitol
D) Lactulose

A) 200mg/kg body weight in a 15-25% solution IV in 3-5 minutes

What is the usual diagnostic dose of mannitol injection?
A) 200mg/kg body weight in a 15-25% solution IV in 3-5 minutes
B) 50-100g daily in a 5-25% solution by IV infusion
C) 200g/kg body weight in a 15-25% solution in 3-5 minutes.
D) 50-100kg daily in a 5-25% solution by IV infusion

D) I and III

• A hexitol from the ripe berries of the mountain ash. Sorbus aucuparia L. (Fam. Rosaceae)

• . Used in toothpastes and chewing gums because of its humectant property

Which of the following statements pertains to SORBITOL?
I. A hexitol from the ripe berries of the mountain ash. Sorbus aucuparia L. (Fam. Rosaceae)
II. Twice as sweet as sucrose
III. Used in toothpastes and chewing gums because of its humectant property
A) III only
B) I only
C) I-III
D) I and III

A) III only

• Amylase reacts with iodine to form a deep blue complex

Which of the following statement is true regarding STARCH?
I. α-amylase is an enzyme present in pancreatic juice and saliva
II. β-amylase hydrolyzes amylase to nearly pure maltose
III. Amylase reacts with iodine to form a deep blue complex
A) III only
B) I only
C) I-III
D) I and III

A) Glutens

What do you call the tacky proteins removed from corn and wheat in the preparation of starch?
A) Glutens
B) Hetastarch
C) Embryo
D) Germ

C) Pregelatinized starch

This refers to starch that has been mechanically or chemically processed to rupture all or part of the granules in the presence of water.
A) Sodium starch glycolate
B) Hetastarch
C) Pregelatinized starch
D) All of the above

D) 6%

At what % does pregelatinized starch serves as a plasma expander?
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 3%
D) 6%

A) Disintegrating agent in tablet formation

What is the use of sodium starch glycolate?
A) Disintegrating agent in tablet formation
B) Plasma Expander
C) Binder
D) Thickener

A) Dextran

This is formed from sucrose by the action of a transglucosylase enzyme system present in Leuconostoc mesenteroides
A) Dextran
B) Dextrin
C) Insulin
D) Guar gum

D) Dextran

This is an example of a microbial gum.
A) Pectin
B) Guar gum
C) Acacia
D) Dextran

A) Bassorin

This is responsible for the swelling property of tragacanth.
A) Bassorin
B) Tragacanthin
C) Arabin
D) Galacturonic acid

C) Algine-marine gum

Which of the following statement is correct?<br>A) Pectin-cellulose derivatives<br>B) Karaya-microbial gum<br>C) Algine-marine gum<br>D) Acacia- Seed gum

B) Guar

Which of the following is a seed gum?<br>A) Algin<br>B) Guar<br>C) Pectin<br>D) Karaya

A) Karaya gum

It is the gummy exudates from Sterculia urens and it consists of an acetylated heteropolysaccaride with a high component of galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid residues.<br>A) Karaya gum<br>B) Algin<br>C) Acacia<br>D) Xanthan

D) Xanthan

This is a high molecular weight gum with pseudoplastic properties, which enable it to be used in toothpastes and oinments.<br>A) Guar<br>B) Dextran<br>C) Karaya<br>D) Xanthan

B) Xanthan

Which of the following is a microbial gum?<br>A) Dextrin<br>B) Xanthan<br>C) Acacia<br>D) Guar

A) Agar

This is a dried, hydrophilic, colloidal substance extracted from Gelliium Cartilagineum and Gracilaria confervoides.<br>A) Agar<br>B) Algin<br>C) Carrageenan<br>D) Karaya

C) Carrageenan

This is a term referring to closely related hydrocolloids that are obtained from varios red algae or sea weeds.<br>A) Agar<br>B) Algin<br>C) Carrageenan<br>D) Karaya

B) Lambda

Carrageenans can be separated into several components. Which of the following types of carrageenan is non-gelling and is more useful as a thickener.<br>A) Kappa<br>B) Lambda<br>C) Inu<br>D) Iota

C) Danish Agar

Which of the following is obtained from Furcellaria fastigiata, a red algae?<br>A) Agar<br>B) Irish moss<br>C) Danish Agar<br>D) Japanese Isinglas

A) Guar

This hydrocolloid is a galactomannan obtained from the powdered endosperm of the seed of Cyamposis tetragonolobus.<br>A) Guar<br>B) Locust Bean<br>C) Psyllium<br>D) All of the above

B) Locust bean

This is used as a chocolate substitute.<br>A) Guar<br>B) Locust bean<br>C) Psyllium<br>D) All of the above

B) Beta

What is the only form of glycoside that occur in plants?<br>A) Alpha<br>B) Beta<br>C) Gamma<br>D) Sigma

C) Casara sagrada

Which drug has reduced forms of emodin-type glycosides in its fresh bark?<br>A) Rhubarb<br>B) Danthron<br>C) Casara sagrada<br>D) Aloe

A) Magnesium oxide

What is used to treat cascara sagrada extract to reduce its bitter taste?<br>A) Magnesium oxide<br>B) Calcium carbonate<br>C) Simple Syrup<br>D) Talc

C) Barbaloin

What is the principal anthraxquinone glycoside contained in Alor barbadensis?<br>A) Chrysophanic acid<br>B) Anthromol<br>C) Barbaloin<br>D) Emodin

B) Senna

Which glycosidic drug is cultivated on lands resembling rice paddies?<br>A) Rheum<br>B) Senna<br>C) Chrysazin<br>D) Frangula

B) Hot benzene

What chemical is used to extract 50 to 70% yield chrysarobin form Goa poweder?<br>A) Chloroform<br>B) Hot benzene<br>C) Cooled Ethyl Alcohol<br>D) Petroleum Ether

D) Chrysarobin

Which antraquinone glycoside is not employed as cathartic?<br>A) Chrysazin<br>B) Rheum<br>C) Buckthorn bark<br>D) Chrysarobin

C) Neutral saponins

What type of saponin glycosides are derivatives of steroids with spiroketal side chains?<br>A) Acid saponins<br>B) Alkaline saponins<br>C) Neutral saponins<br>D) None of the above

B) Hypertension

Which health problem may aggravated by increased consumption of large quantities of licorice?<br>A) Peptic ulcer<br>B) Hypertension<br>C) Hyperthyroidism<br>D) Addison's Disease

B) Vitamin B17

What amygdalin-containing preparation have anticancer claims?<br>A) Vitamin P<br>B) Vitamin B17<br>C) Vitamin B9<br>D) Linoleic Acid

A) Myrosin

What enzyme effects the hydrolysis of sinigrin?<br>A) Myrosin<br>B) Emulsin<br>C) Rutin<br>D) Prunase

C) Acrinyl Isothiocyanate

What is the pungnent-tasting oil that is produced by the hydrolysis of Sanapis alba?<br>A) Sinalbin<br>B) Mustard oil<br>C) Acrinyl Isothiocyanate<br>D) Allyl isothiocyanate

D) Saligenin

What is the alcohol produced by the hydrolysis of Salicin by emulsion?<br>A) Salicylin<br>B) Populin<br>C) Benzoyl salicin<br>D) Saligenin

D) All of the above

Which of the following is TRUE about uva-ursi?<br>A) Available in the form of herbal teas.<br>B) Diuretic<br>C) Weak urinary antiseptic<br>D) All of the above<br>E) A and B only

B) Sennoside is a more potent laxative than cascara sagrada.

Which of the following statement is true?<br>A) Sennoside and cascara sagrada are equally potent.<br>B) Sennoside is a more potent laxative than cascara sagrada.<br>C) Sennoside is a less potent laxative than cascara sagrada.

A) Castor oil should not be used by pregnant women.

Which of the following statement is/are true about castor oil?<br>A) Castor oil should not be used by pregnant women.<br>B) It works primarily in the large intestine.<br>C) Dehydration is not a problem with the use of castor oil.<br>D) All of the above<br>E) Only A and B

C) Carotenophenes

What insoluble red-colored products are produced by the polymerization of tannins?<br>A) Catechin<br>B) Leucocyanidin<br>C) Carotenophenes<br>D) Phlophabenes

C) Deep red

What color is produced by tannins with potassium ferricyanide and ammonia?<br>A) Dark blue<br>B) Greenish Black<br>C) Deep red<br>D) Yellow

C) Cynips tinctoria

What insect produces the excrescence Nutgall?<br>A) Quercus infectoria<br>B) Cantharis vesicatoria<br>C) Cynips tinctoria<br>D) Rhus chinesis

A) Gallotannic acid

What is a mixture of esters of gallic acid with glucose?<br>A) Gallotannic acid<br>B) Ellagic acid<br>C) Chinese gall<br>D) White Gall

A) Consist of gallic acid or related polyhydric compounds esterified with glucose

Which of the following is/are characteristic/s of hydrolysable tannins?<br>A) Consist of gallic acid or related polyhydric compounds esterified with glucose<br>B) Most of the result from the condensation of 2 or more flavan-3-ols or flavan 3,4-diols<br>C) Forms phlobaphenes<br>D) All of the above

D) Tannic acid

What is the principal constituent of Nutgall?<br>A) Gallic acid<br>B) Ellagic acid<br>C) Resin<br>D) Tannic acid

A) Astrigent

Tannic acid is used mainly as a/an.<br>A) Astrigent<br>B) Humectant<br>C) Plasma expander<br>D) Deodorizer

B) Cantharides

This drug, consisting of dried insects, is widely known as an aphrodisiac.<br>A) Psoralen<br>B) Cantharides<br>C) Tannic Acids<br>D) Uva ursi

A) Psoralen

Which of the following is photosensitizing furocoumarin?<br>A) Psoralen<br>B) Cantharides<br>C) Tannic acids<br>D) Uva ursi

C) Lactone

Skimmin, aesculin and coumarin belong to what type of glycosides?<br>A) Saponin<br>B) Anthraquinone<br>C) Lactone<br>D) Cyanogenic

A) Uva-ursi

Which of the following is a source of phenol glycosides?<br>A) Uva-ursi<br>B) Coumarin<br>C) Cantharides<br>D) Hamammelitanin

C) Tannins

These are complex substances, usually mixtures of polyphenols, which are difficult to separate because they do not crystallize. At present, chromatographic analysis has enabled researchers to study them.<br>A) Steroids<br>B) Glycosides<br>C) Tannins<br>D) Alkanoids

D) All of the above

Which of the following is/are phenolic glycoside?<br>A) Arbutin<br>B) Hesperidin<br>C) Phloridzin<br>D) All of the above

C) Penicillamine

Which of the following is a degradation product of penicillin-type antibiotics?<br>A) Heparin<br>B) Protamine Sulfate<br>C) Penicillamine<br>D) Microfibrilar collagen