Unit 0- AP Psychology

critical thinking

Thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions, rather examines assumptions, appraises the source, discern hidden biases, evaluates evidence, in assesses conclusion

hindsight bias

Tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it. i-knew-it-all-along Phenomenon

social desirability bias

Bias from people’s responding in ways, they presume a researcher expects or wishes

self-report bias

Bias when people report their behavior and Inaccurately

Sampling bias

Flawed sampling process that produces unrepresentative sample

experimental bias

Caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own belief

Peer reviewers

Scientific experts to evaluate research article’s theories originality, and accuracy

theory

Explanation using integrated set of principles that Organizes Observations and predicts behavior/events

hypothesis

Testable prediction implied by theory

falsifiable

Possibility than an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproving by observation/experiment

operational definition

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (Operation) Used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. A.k.a. operationalization

replication

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually indifferent situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

case study

Non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth and hope of revealing universal principles

naturalistic observation

Non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situation without trying to manipulate and control situation

Survey

Non-experimental technique for obtaining self-reported behaviors of particular group, usually by questioning representative, random sample of group

Random sample

Sample that fairly represents population Because each member Has equal chance of inclusion

population

All those in a group being Studied, from which random samples may be drawn

correlation

A measure of extent to which two factors vary together in thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Correlation coefficient

Statistical index of the relationship between two variables (-1.00 to +1.00)

variable

Anything that can Very, and is feasible and ethical to measure

scatter plot

A graph cluster of dots, each of which represents the value of two variables. The slow, the point suggest the direction of the relationship between two variables. The amount of scatter suggest the strength of the correlation.

illusory correlation

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

regression towards the mean

Tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back, progress, toward the average

experiment

Of research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors, independent variable, to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process, the dependent variable,. Five random assignment of participants, the experiment aims to control other relevant factors

experimental group

In an experiment, the group is exposed to the treatment-That is, to one version of the independent variable

Control group

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrast with the experiment group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Random assignment

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups

Single blind procedure

An experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant, blind, about whether they have received the treatment or a placebo

double blind procedure

In experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the researcher staff are ignorant, blind, about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug evaluation studies.

placebo

I shall please in Latin

Placebo effect

Experimental results Caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of inert Substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active

independent variable

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Confounding variable

In an experiment, the factor other than the factor of being studied that my influence a study’s results

Dependent variable

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

validity

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predict what it is supposed to do

quantitative research

A research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data

qualitative research

Research method that relies on in depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers

informed consent

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

debriefing

The post experimental explanation of a study, including its Purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

descriptive statistics

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; include measures of central tendency and measures a variation

histogram

A paragraph depicting a frequency distribution

Mode

The most frequently occurring Score in a distribution

mean

Arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

median

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it And half Are below it

percentile rank

Percentage of scores that are lower than a given score

skewed distribution

Representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

range

Difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Standard deviation

Computed measure of how much scores vary around the main score

normal curve

A symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most courses fall near the mean, about 68% Fall within One standard deviation of it, and fewer and fewer scores live near the extreme. A.k.a. a normal distribution

Inferential statistics

Numerical data that allow one to generalize-To infer from sample data, the probability of something being true of a population

meta-analysis

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

statistical significance

Statistical statement of how Likely it is that a result, such as a difference between samples, occurred by a chance, assuming there is no difference between the population being study

effect size

Strength of the relationship between two variables. The larger than effect size, the more one variable can be explained by the other.