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Plausible Rival Hypothesis
Something that explain the outcome of our study/our findings other than the manipulated variables (extraneous variables)
Four Types of Experimental Validity and Purpose
Experimental validity: use to evaluate the methodology of a study
1) Internal Validity
2)External Validity
3) Construct Validity
4) Data-Evaluation/Statistical Conclusion Validity
Purpose: We can say we have a good study and provide strength and confidence of a study
Internal Validity
To what extent results are attributed to the effects of the IV instead of an extraneous variable (looking causal (cause and effect) relationship b/w IV (intervention) and DV (outcome))
External Validity
To what extent the results can be generalized or extended to people, settings, times, measures/outcome other than those included in this particular demonstration
Construct Validity
Given that the intervention (IV) was responsible for change, what specific aspects of the manipulation was the mechanism, process or causal agent? What is the conceptual basis (construct) underlying the effect?
Data-Evaluation Validity
To what extent is a relation shown between the intervention (IV) and the outcome (DV)? What about the data and methods used for evaluation that could mislead or obscure demonstrating or failing to demonstrate an experimental effect?
8 Threats to Internal Validity
History
==Any events that happen during the time of the study c==an could affect the performance of the subject
Example: an earthquake or blackout that occurs during the time of the study that affects the results
Control of history: is to ensure a control group in your study and to be sure to do random assignment
Maturation
==Change occurring within the individual== during the time if the study
Example: Factors that affect subject’s performance because of the passing of time such as hunger, tiredness, physical growth
Control of Maturation: A control group
Testing
Pre-test/Post-test
Testing repeated ==will give the subject familiarity/practice with the measure/test==
Control: administering the DV once or Solomon Four-Group Design
Instrumentation
Contextual change of experiment; when researchers is the measure and may give different scoring over time
Example: judges in the olympics or judges giving parole
Control of Maturation: A control group
==Response Shift==
Statistical Regression