Honors English study guide fall final

heroine

a female hero or a female lead

foliage

plant leaves collectively

constituted

be (a part) of a whole

incredulous

unwilling or unable to believe something

factions

a small organized dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics.

vivid

(of a color) intensely deep or bright.

legacy

an amount of money or property left to someone in a will.

unreliable

not able to be relied upon.

adaptation

the process of changing or being changed to better suit new conditions or needs

enmity

the state of feeling of being actively opposed or hostile to someone or something

clambering

climb, move or get in or out of something in an awkward

quest

a search or pursuit made in order to find or obtain something

gloat

to dwell on your success or another’s misfortune with smugness or pleasure

inhumane

lacking kindness or compassion, cruel

extended high in the air, imposing height

lofty

a loud confused noise, especially one caused by a large mass of people

tumult

very hot and causing difficulty breathing or suppressed

stifling

wrap or dress (a body) in a shroud for burial

shrouded

a place where people establish a community, or the act of resolving an issue

settlement

weave or be woven together

interwoven

a detailed analysis and assessment of something

critique

a person, animal or plant that lives in a particular place

inhabitant

is a brief work of fiction

short story

is either a literary element or a literary structure found in fictional writing

literary device

literary element that involves a struggle between 2 opposing forces

conflict

narrators position in relation to the story being told

point of view

introduction

exposition

series of incidents that build toward the point of greatest interest

rising action

the point in the narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point.

climax

the part of the literary plot that occurs after the climax has been reached and the conflict has been resolved

falling action

the conclusion of the story where the conflict is fully resolved

resolution

a central message of the story

theme

climate of feeling the author delivers to the audience through setting, details, images etc

mood

authors implied or stated attitude toward the subjects matter at hand

tone

a general idea or common topic found in literature

motif

when and where

setting

direct comparison without like or as

metaphor

comparison using like or as

simile

expectation vs reality

irony

repeated grammatical structure

parallelism

word choice

diction

a short personal story

anecdote

motif

recurring element

theme

message or lesson

THEMES:
“Thank you M’am” -compassion, kindness, trust, and redemption.

“The Necklace”-appearances vs. reality, the destructive nature of pride and greed, the importance of living within your means, and the devastating consequences of dishonesty

“The Cask of Amontillado”-revenge, the destructive nature of pride, and deception

CHARACTER TYPES:
“Thank you M’am”-Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones – round and dynamic. Roger – round and dynamic.

“The Necklace”-Mathilde Loisel – round and dynamic. Monsieur Loisel – a flat to slightly round. Madame Forestier – a flat and static.

“The Cask of Amontillado”- Montresor – a round and static character. Fortunato – a flat and static character.

review themes and character types from: “Thank You, M’am” “The Necklace” “The Cask of Amontillado”

a disillusioned fireman in a dystopian future whose job is to burn books, but who gradually awakens to the emptiness of his society, rebels, and seeks knowledge, becoming a fugitive intellectual

Montag

the shallow, media-obsessed wife of protagonist Guy Montag

Mildred

the fire chief and the main antagonist in Fahrenheit 451

Beatty

a retired English professor and a key mentor to protagonist Guy Montag

faber

a 17-year-old girl in Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 who is a catalyst for the protagonist, Guy Montag's, awakening

clarisse

leader of a nomadic group of intellectuals

granger

montag meeting clarisse, mildred’s overdose, firehouse call to Mrs blacks home, Beatty's warnings, Montag reading books, Faber helping Montag, Montag burning his own house, killing Beatty, escape from the mechanical hound, meeting granger, city destroyed at the end

major events in chronological order (fahrenheit 451)

fire to represent both destruction (burning books)

The Salamander: The salamander, mythically fireproof, symbolizes the firemen's work

phoenix is a powerful symbol of rebirth and renewal.

symbolism in fahrenheit 451

the central metaphor is fire.

Fire represents destruction and censorship it is used to burn books and erase knowledge but it also later comes to symbolize rebirth, warmth, and hope when Montag sees it used to bring people together rather than destroy.

metaphor in fahrenheit 451

A clear example of a simile in Fahrenheit 451 is:

“The books leapt and danced like roasted birds…”

This simile compares burning books to roasted birds, emphasizing the violence and cruelty of book burning and showing how living, meaningful ideas are being destroyed.

simile in fahrenheit 451

An important allusion in Fahrenheit 451 is to the myth of the phoenix.

Bradbury alludes to the phoenix to connect the novel’s society to the idea of repeated destruction and rebirth, suggesting that humanity continually destroys knowledge but has the potential to rise again by learning from its past mistakes.

allusion in fahrenheit 451

A clear example of personification in Fahrenheit 451 is:

“The books leapt and danced…”

Bradbury gives books human actions, making them seem alive, which emphasizes the tragedy of their destruction and highlights how knowledge and ideas are treated as living things in the novel.

personification in fahrenheit 451

Another example of alliteration in Fahrenheit 451 is:

“The silence was so thick…”

The repeated “s” sound creates a soft, tense mood and emphasizes the emptiness and unease of the scene.

alliteration in fahrenheit 451

A key paradox in Fahrenheit 451 is that firemen start fires instead of putting them out.

paradox in fahrenheit 451

Penelope – Odysseus’s loyal wife, who waits faithfully for his return.
Telemachus – Son of Odysseus and Penelope; matures throughout the epic.
Helios is the god of the Sun in The Odyssey.
Aeolus is the keeper of the winds in The Odyssey.
Tiresias is a blind prophet in The Odyssey. Tiresias warns him not to harm Helios’s cattle.

Homer is the ancient Greek poet traditionally credited as the author of The Odyssey.

Agamemnon is a Greek king and warrior in The Odyssey. He is the former king of Mycenae who was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus.

Eurylochus is one of Odysseus’s crew members and his second-in-command in The Odyssey. Persuaded the crew to eat Helios Cattle.
Muse refers to one of the nine Muses, goddesses of inspiration in Greek mythology.

the invocation is the opening passage where Homer calls upon the Muse for inspiration to tell the story of Odysseus.

In medias res is a Latin term meaning “in the middle of things.”

(The Odyssey) All major characters

Odysseus left Ithaca to fight in the Trojan War.

Why did Odysseus leave Ithaca

Odysseus was gone for 20 years total.

How long was Odysseus gone (Trojan War + Journey)

Calypso frees Odysseus because Zeus orders her to do so. (After Athena pleads Odysseus’s case, Zeus sends Hermes to Calypso’s island to command her to release him, since it is Odysseus’s fate to return home to Ithaca.)

Why does Calyspo free him?

Poseidon is angry at Odysseus because Odysseus blinded his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus.

Why is Poseidon angry at Odysseus?

The Lotus Eaters effect in The Odyssey refers to the loss of desire to return home.

What is the Lotus Eaters effect?

Odysseus and his men are trapped in the Cyclops’s cave, where Polyphemus violates guest laws by attacking and eating them instead of offering hospitality. Odysseus tricks him by saying his name is “Nobody,” so when Polyphemus is blinded and calls for help, the other Cyclopes ignore him. Odysseus and his men escape by hiding under Polyphemus’s sheep, but Odysseus later reveals his real name, leading Polyphemus to curse him and ask Poseidon for revenge.

What happened in the Polyphemus Scence? (Nobhdy, escape plan, and guest laws)

She uses magic to transform them after they eat and drink in her palace, but Odysseus, helped by Hermes, who gives him the herb moly, resists her spell and forces her to change his men back into humans.

Why does Circe turn Odysseus’ men into pigs?

Tiresias prophesies that Odysseus will return home to Ithaca, but only after great suffering and loss.

He warns Odysseus not to harm the cattle of Helios, if they are killed, Odysseus will return alone after losing his crew. Tiresias also says that Odysseus must make a final journey inland after returning home to honor Poseidon before he can live out his life in peace.

What was Tiresias’s prophecy?

The Sirens’ temptation was their beautiful, irresistible song.

What were the Sirens’ temptation?

• Scylla was a multi-headed monster who snatched and ate sailors from passing ships.

• Charybdis was a massive whirlpool that swallowed the sea and destroyed entire ships.

Who were Scylla and Charybdis?

A beggar

What was Odysseus’ disguise?

Loyalty, respect for gods, and home/family

What was the theme in the Odyssey?

“son of Laertes”

What was Odysseus’ main epithet?

108 suitors

How many suitors were there for Penelope?

Athena disguises Odysseus as a beggar so he can safely observe the suitors and test the loyalty of his household.

Why does Athena disguise Odysseus?