Bio Exam 3 || Genetics

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27 Terms

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Gene
a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait (eye and hair color)
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Allele
different versions of the same gene (brown vs green eyes)
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Locus
the position of a particular gene on a chromosome
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Dominant allele
when present the allele shows itself
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Recessive allele
masked by the dominant allele
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Homozygous
2 same alleles
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Heterozygous
2 different alleles
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Genotype
the alleles of an individual
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Phenotype
the observable traits of an individual
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The genotype determines
the phenotype
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The 2 laws that Mendel came up with based on his results?

Law of Segregation, Law of Independent Assortment

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Incomplete dominance
when the dominant allele isn’t completely covering the recessive, and the recessive is still showing, the mixing of genes
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Example of incomplete dominance
Snapdragon flowers – RR=red Rr=pink rr=white
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Codominance
when both alleles are expressed when present
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Example of codominance

Tortishell cats

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Sex-linked genes
genes linked to a chromosome (x,y)
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Why are most sex-linked genes on the X?
Because the X chromosome is much larger than the Y chromosome and contains many more genes
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What are some examples of X-linked traits?
Color blindness, hemophilia
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Are X linked genes dominant or recessive?
Most are recessive
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Why are XY individuals more likely to express these X-linked traits?
XY individuals have only one X chromosome, so they don’t have a second X with a potentially normal allele to “cover up” a defective one
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How many alleles are there in ABO blood typing?
They’re three alleles for the ABO blood group system Iᴬ, Iᴮ, and i
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What is a monohybrid cross?
a genetic cross that examines one trait (for example, flower color) It involves two individuals that are heterozygous for that trait
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What is a carrier?
an individual who has one normal (dominant) allele and one altered (recessive) allele for a particular gene
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X chromosome inactivation
ensure same expression of genes on X chromosome between XX and XY
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Epistasis
expression of a trait being masked by alleles from a different gene
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Polygenic inheritance
phenotypes determined by additive effects of 2+ genes
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Examples of polygenic inheritance
Skin color, height, eye color