EBP week 2.2 appraisal of study and diagnostic test

selection bias

occurs when the participants included in the study are not representative of the patients who would normally receive the diagnostic test in clinical practice

measurement bias

a systematic error that occurs when the index or reference standard is measured, interpreted or recorder inaccurately , leading to incorrect estimates

verification bias

diagnostic study bias that occurs when the true diagnosis is verified in only a subset of participants

differential verification bias

occurs when different participants receive different reference standards

participant inclusion

the inclusion of healthy controls is likely to lower the occurrence of false positive results, thereby increasing specificity

participant inclusion calculation

TN/(TN+FP)

Quadas-2

a critical appraisal tool used to evaluate the risk of bias and applicability of studies that assess the accuracy of a diagnostics test (patient selection, index test, reference standards, flow and timing)