Digestive and Respiratory Systems – Vocabulary Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and definitions from the digestive and respiratory system lecture notes.

Digestive System – Functions

Digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products

Alimentary Tract Segments

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Oropharynx

First opening of the pharynx that leads to the mouth

Nasopharynx

Pharyngeal segment opening to the nasal cavity, located above the oral cavity

Laryngopharynx

Pharyngeal part opening ventrally to the larynx and esophagus

Cervical Esophagus

Neck portion of the esophagus

Thoracic Esophagus

Chest portion of the esophagus

Abdominal Esophagus

Short segment of the esophagus within the abdomen

Esophageal Layers

Tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica adventitia

Stomach Layers

Tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica serosa

Stomach Parts

Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

Cardiac Sphincter

Valve between esophagus and stomach

Pyloric Sphincter

Valve between stomach and duodenum

Parietal Cells

Gastric gland cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Chief Cells

Gastric gland cells that secrete pepsinogen

Parietal Surface of Stomach

Outer surface facing the abdominal wall

Visceral Surface of Stomach

Surface in contact with other abdominal organs

Greater Curvature

Long, convex border of the stomach

Lesser Curvature

Short, concave border of the stomach

Duodenum

First, fixed, and thickest segment of the small intestine

Jejunum

Longest, most movable, and most absorptive segment of the small intestine

Ileum

Terminal segment of the small intestine

Caecum

Blind pouch of the large intestine; rudimentary appendix counterpart in humans

Colon

Longest part of large intestine; main site for water and electrolyte reabsorption

Rectum

Temporary storage site for feces before defecation

Sphincter Ani Externi

Voluntary external anal muscle

Sphincter Ani Interni

Involuntary internal anal muscle

Parotid Gland

Serous salivary gland in domestic animals

Submandibular Gland

Mixed (serous and mucous) salivary gland beneath the jaw

Sublingual Gland

Mixed salivary gland under the tongue

Orbital Gland (Dog)

Fourth salivary gland found in dogs

Serous Secretion

Watery, enzyme-rich saliva

Mucous Secretion

Viscous, mucus-rich saliva

Mixed Secretion

Combination of serous and mucous saliva

Liver – General Function

“Nutritional cordial” organ; metabolism, detoxification, bile production

Liver Lobes

Left hepatic, right hepatic, median, and caudate lobes

Liver Surfaces

Parietal surface, visceral surface, and circumference

Pancreatic Exocrine Secretions

Amylase, lipase, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen

Pancreatic Endocrine Secretions

Insulin and glucagon

Functional Classification of Teeth

Teeth specialized for chopping, grinding, and chewing food

Layers of a Tooth

Enamel, dentine, cementum, pulp cavity

Regions of a Tooth

Crown, neck, root

Parts of the Tongue

Root, body, apex

Lingual Papillae

Projections of mucous membrane on the dorsum of the tongue

Hard Palate

Anterior bony palate bounded by alveolar arches and continuous with the soft palate

Soft Palate

Posterior muscular palate with base, free border, and oral/aboral surfaces

Respiratory Tract Segments

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Nasal Cavity Boundaries

Dorsal: nasal bone; lateral: premaxilla & maxillae; rostral: anterior nares; caudal: posterior nares (choanae)

Paired Laryngeal Cartilages

Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

Unpaired Laryngeal Cartilages

Epiglottis, cricoid, and thyroid cartilages

Tracheal Layers

Mucous membrane, muscular layer, fibrous-elastic layer, cartilaginous rings, fascia propria

Bronchi Branches

Secondary (lobar) bronchi and tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Costal Surface of Lung

Outer surface facing the ribs

Mediastinal Surface of Lung

Surface facing the mediastinum

Interlobar Surface of Lung

Surfaces between lobes of the lung

Diaphragmatic Surface of Lung

Base of the lung resting on the diaphragm

Dorsal Border of Lung

Upper (vertebral) border of the lung

Ventral Border of Lung

Lower (sternal) border of the lung

Base of Lung

Broad, caudal, and diaphragmatic portion of the lung

Pleura

Serous membrane covering lungs and lining thoracic cavity

Lines of Pleural Reflection

Vertebral, sternal, and diaphragmatic reflections of parietal pleura

Mediastinum

Potential midline space within the thoracic cavity

Mediastinal Divisions

Pre-cardial, cardial, and post-cardial mediastinum

Pre-cardial Mediastinum Structures

Structures located cranial to the heart

Cardial Mediastinum Structures

Structures situated at the level of the heart

Post-cardial Mediastinum Structures

Structures caudal to the heart