BIOL 1406 - exam 4

henrietta lack

her cells are still used for research today

cell plate

forms along the plane of division - plant cell

basal cell carcinoma

-most common form of skin cancer

-a slow growing raised lump that may be uncolored, red-brown, or black

neoplasm

not all develop into cancer

end of mitosis

form two nuclei

cytokinesis

differs among eukaryotes

fungi

reproduce asexually

checkpoint genes

can cause cancer

mitosis

asexual reproduction growth and tissue repair

maintains parental chromosome number

duplicated chromosome

has two chromatids

homologous chromosomes

carry the same gene

are the same length

are the same shape

centromere

where the spindle attaches to chromosomes

G

gap

after meiosis

chromosome number is half that of the parents

metaphase

chromosomes align at modpoint

telophase

two clusters reach opposite poles

anaphase

microtubules separate sister chromatids and pull them to opposite poles

malignant cancer cells

-grow and divide abnormally

-can break loose and invade other body parts

-have altered cytoplasm and plasma membrane

checkpoint genes

-monitor whether a cells dna has been copied completely

-measures if there is enough nutrients to support cell division

-whether it is damaged or not

s phase

dna preparing to replicate

sexual reproduction advantage

more variation among offspring

meiosis

sexual reproduction

only division where homologous chromosomes pair up

1/2's parental chromosome number

sexual reproduction requirements

meiosis and fertilization

crossing over

mixes up alleles - occurs in prophase I

anaphase I

makes descendant cells haploid

variation factors

crossing over

fertilization

random attachment of chromosomes to spindle polls

interphase

may be none between meiosis I and II

where cells spend majority of their life

not a stage of mitosis

metaphase I

all chromosomes are aligned at the cells equator

allele

different molecular forms of a gene

sporophyte

does not occur in animals

is the diploid spore producing stage of a plant life cycle

gamete

hapliod

fertilization

fusion of two gametes to form a zygote

sperm

what each spermatid matures into

hapliod

gametes with a single set of chromosomes

mutation

origin of sexual reporduction

polar bodies

cells that form during oogenesis but are destroyed

prophase I

chromosomes condense and homologous chromosomes pair

telophase I and II

chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles

new nuclear envelopes form

chromosomes decondense

metaphase I and II

chromosomes align midway between the spindle poles