ch 17_lecture

Variolation

An early method of immunization that involved inhaling or placing powdered scabs from smallpox lesions into the skin to induce a mild disease and provide immunity.

Herd Immunity

Occurs when a critical portion of a population is immune to a disease, preventing its spread due to insufficient susceptible hosts.

Active Immunity

Immunity that follows antigen exposure; can be natural (due to infection) or artificial (via immunization).

Passive Immunity

Immunity obtained from the transfer of antibodies from another individual; provides immediate protection but no memory.

Attenuated Vaccines

Weakened forms of pathogens that can replicate in the recipient, often providing long-lasting immunity.

Inactivated Vaccines

Vaccines that are unable to replicate and thus cannot cause infections; they usually require multiple booster doses. Have been killed or ___

Toxoids

Vaccines made from toxins that have been treated to destroy their toxic properties while retaining their antigenic epitopes.

Subunit Vaccines

a type of vaccine that contains only specific, purified parts (subunits) of a pathogen, such as a virus or bacterium

Conjugate Vaccines

Vaccines where polysaccharides are linked to proteins, converting polysaccharides into T-dependent antigens.

Acellular vaccine

A vaccine that contains non-living components of the pathogen, such as a purified protein from the organism, thereby reducing adverse reactions.

DNA-based Vaccines

Vaccines that involve injecting DNA encoding antigens into the body, prompting the body to produce the antigens itself.

Relative Risk

The chance of adverse outcomes from the vaccine compared to the risk of disease, emphasizing that vaccine benefits greatly outweigh risks.

Immunization

The process of inducing immunity to infectious diseases through vaccination or exposure to the diseases.

Adjuvant

Substance added to vaccines to enhance the immune response.

Vaccine

Preparation of pathogen or its products used to induce active immunity in individuals.

Recombinant Vaccines

Subunit vaccines produced by genetically engineered microorganisms, used to elicit an immune response.

Active vs Passive Immunity

Active immunity results from the body's own immune response to an antigen (natural or artificial). Passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another individual, providing immediate but temporary protection.

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity Example

Infection with a pathogen leading to antibody production, such as recovery from measles.

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity Example

Immunization via vaccines, such as receiving the DTaP vaccine.

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity Example

Transfer of antibodies from mother to child through breast milk.

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity Example

Administration of immune serum globulin (gamma globulin) to provide immediate protection against infections.

Antitoxin

Antibodies produced against specific toxins; used to neutralize toxin effects in the body.

Protein Subunit Vaccines Definition

Vaccines made from purified pieces of the pathogen, focusing on key proteins that stimulate an immune response.

Types of Vaccines

Major types include: Attenuated, Inactivated, Subunit, Conjugate, and Toxoid vaccines, with examples such as MMR (attenuated), Hepatitis A (inactivated), and DTaP (toxoid).